acidbaseeq

• taste sour
• conduct electicity
• turn ble litmus red
• produce h ions arrhenious theory

• conduct electricity 
• TASTE BITTER
• TURN RED LITMUS blue
• feel slippery 
• produce OH- ions

apply to basic properties of ions without OH ions

new way to describe acids and bases 

proton doner

proton acceptor

indicates strond acid/base (ionizes quantitatively (completely))

weak acid/ base ionization (incompletely forming a dynamic equilibrium)

• in the bronsted lowry theory a substance capable of acting as an acid or base in different chemiccal reactions (a substance that may donate or accept a proton)
• ex. baking soda HCO3
• could become H2CO3 and OH
• or CO3 and H3O

two substances whos formulas differe only by one H unit

• when a strong acid reacts with water the transter of  protons is coplete in the forward direction and almost no transfer of protons occur via the reverse reaction (100% complete)
• -high percent reaction 
• -products are favoured
• -low attraction ofr its proton and donates to base

has weaker conjugate base

stronger conjugate base 

have lower % reaction ionization (reactants are favoured)

strong attraction to protons

water molecules react with each toher and produce OH and H3O

reaction between 2 H20 molelcules producting a H3O ion and OH ion 

where one proton is transferred from one to the other they dont dissociate

kw equilibruim constant for the ionization of water 1.0x10^-14

=1.0x10-7

acid that partially ionizes in solution but exists primarilly in thre form of molecules 

• natural acids (organic) 
• and some inorganic are:
• HF H2CO3
• H2S
• H3BO3

• a base that has a weak attraction for protons 
• le chaletlier OH shifts equilibruim left in iautoionization of water and HP is greater than 7
• -proton acceptors
• -reacts non quantitatively incomletely
• -compound must possess an atom with a lone pair of valence electrons to accept H from water

NH3 and Na3PO4 

the weaker the conjugate base and vice versa

• ka contstant for acids
• kb constant for bases
• kw constant for water

Kw=kakb

• an acid with more than one ionizable acidic proton
• ionize in steps
• release one H at a time
• each ionization reaction has its own constant Ka1 Ka2... etc

• solit 
• anion+cat ion in crystalline lattice
• dissoiate into indicidual hydrated ions

• salts that consist of cations of strong bases and anions of strong acids have no effect on PH
• nacl --> na + cl (both ions dont hydrolize therefore it is neutral)

a reaction of an ion with water to produce an acidic or basic solution (H3O or OH)

• cations that are conjugate acids of weak bases atct as weak acids and lower PH 
• (NH4 andN2H5) 
• NH4+H20 --> H3O +NH3

• dont form acidic solutions except for Be
• only high charged ions do for acidic solutions for example Al+3

• an anion of a weak acid is strong enough to affect the PH (conjugate base of weak acid)
• ex Na C2H3O2 --> Na + C2H3O2
• C2H3O2 +H20 --> HC2H3O2 + OH

• if the ka of the acid is > than kb of the base it will be acidic PH <7
• Kb>Ka it will be basic PH >7
• Kb=Ka it will be neutral PH =7

the precise addition of a solution in a buret into a measured volume of a sample solution

the solution in a buret during a titration

 the solution being analyzed

a chemical available in a pure and stable form for which an accurate concetnration can be prepared the solution is then used to determine precisely by means of titratrating the concentration of a titrant 

in a titration the measured quantity of titrant recorded at the point at which chemically equivalent amounts have reacted 

the point in a titration at which a sharp change in a measureable charateristic property occurs ex colour change in an indicator

• ph at eq point is less than 7 
• conjugate acid of weak base 

• ph at eq point is 7
• autoionization of water

• ph is greater than 7
• conjugate base of weak acid 

all ph curves witha a weak acid or weak base have a point where a buffering ation occurs 

a mixture of a conjugate acid base pair that maintains a nearly constant PH when diluted or when a strong acid or base is added and equal mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base 

--half way to equivalence point