Unit 5 lymphatic, respiratory, and digestive

• drain excess interstitial fluid, filter it & return it to the circulatory system
• transport fats from intestines to blood
• carry out immune response

• diuretics
• fluid restriction
• bed rest

run alongside blood vessels and act as drains for interstitial fluid

filtration of lymph

to drain lymph

• cervical
• inguinal
• axillary
• mammary

right and thoracic

• right arm
• right head and neck
• right side of thorax

everything but the right arm, head, neck, & chest

left subclavian vein

right subclavian vein

• red bone marrow
• lymph nodes
• thymus
• spleen

where T-cells mature

• immune response
• destroys old blood cell
• store platelets

• filtration and phagocytosis of blood cells
• storage of red bood cells and platelets

immune response to blood borne antigens

transform lymphocytes into T-cells

trap bacteria and antigens

• two palantine
• two lingual
• one pharyngeal (adenoid)

cancer can metastasize through the lymphatic system

• fluid collected by lymphatic capillaries ===>
• vessels===>
• nodes===>
• trunks===>
• thoracic duct OR right duct===>
• subclavian veins

• skin
• mucous membranes
• tears
• saliva 
• urine
• acidic fluids (vagina, stomach, skin surface)

• natural killer cells
• antimicrobial proteins
• phagocytosis
• fever
• inflammation

• redness
• swelling
• pain
• heat

• trap pathogens
• begin tissue repair

• naturally acquired active
• naturally acquired passive
• artificially acquired active
• artificially acquired passive

get disease and recover

antibodies transferred from mother to fetus

get vaccine

receive injection of antibodies

T-cells

pathogen inside the cell

T-cells and B-cells

pathogen outside the cell

colorless fluid containing white blood cells and drains through the lymphatic system into the blood stream

excess fluid collection

cancer of the lymphatic system

bodily defense that protects us from almost any kind of pathogen

biological agent that causes disease or illness

process of engulfing particles

abnormally high body temperature

immunity against a specific antigen

toxin or foreign substance that stimulates an immune response

disease characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system

fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody

B-cell subtypes that are formed following primary infection

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

the main antibody defense against bacteria

 involved in the expulsion of intestinal parasites

a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance

A substance that causes an allergic reaction

Anaphylaxis is an acute multi-system severe type I hypersensitivity reaction

a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance

An infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but does so when lowered resistance to infection is caused by the impairment of the body's immune system.

• helper cells (assists other white blood cells in immunity)
• cytotoxic cells (destroy infected cells and tumor cells)
• memory cells (antigen-specific cells that remain after an infection has resolved)
• regulatory cells (shut down T-cells at the end of the immune response)

• AIDS is active HIV
• CD4 below drops below 200

antiviral medications

• perform gas exchange
• helps regulate blood pH

• nose 
• nasal cavity
• sinuses
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea

• lungs
• airways
• air sacs

• external nose
• external nares
• palate
• nasal septum
• nasal conchae
• internal nares

• warm, moisten, filter
• smell
• modify speech

• food & air passageway
• modify speech vibration
• contains tonsils

connects laryngopharynx to the trachea

block food and liquids from entering trachea

vibrate to produce speech

passageway for air

hold air temporarily so that oxygen can be absorbed into the blood stream

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

separate lungs and maintain air tightness

• thyroid
• laryngeal prominence
• cricoid
• arytenoid
• cuneiform
• corniculate
• epiglottis

• tracheotomy
• intubation

• primary bronchi
• secondary bronchi
• tertiary bronchi
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles
• alveoli

• shortness of breath
• coughing
• wheezing

pleural fluid

• right has 3
• left has 2

• thoracic cavity and lungs expand
• diaphragm contracts (flattens)
• external intercostal muscles contract
• increased volume decreases pressure inside the lungs
• air rushes in

• thoracic cavity and lungs decrease in size
• diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
• decreased volume increase pressure inside the lungs
• air rushes out

12-20 breaths per minute

• height
• age
• sex
• smoking
• lung disease

• external respiration
• internal respiration

gas exchange between alveoli and blood

gas exchange between the blood and the cells

• hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO2 than O2
• so if there is too much CO2 hemoglobin will bond to it
• rather than O2 resulting in hypoxia

• disolved in plasma
• carried by hemoglobin
• *converted into bicarbonate ions

• areas in the medulla oblongota and pons
• some voluntary control

• chronic bronchitis
• emphysema

smoking

study of the GI system

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy

The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

A substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life

Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence

the process of taking food in through the mouth

The breaking of food into digestible chunks, normally using the teeth

breakdown of food using chemicals such as enzymes

uptake of substance through tissue

pooping

The wavelike muscular contractions of the alimentary canal or other tubular structures by which contents are forced onward toward the opening

Inflammation of the peritoneum

chewing

A small rounded mass of a substance, esp. of chewed food at the moment of swallowing

swallowing

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A fold, crease, or wrinkle, as in the lining of the stomach

The pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food

eject matter from the stomach through the mouth

inflammation of the appendix

a swollen vein or group of veins around the anus

A condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form

A condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened feces

a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver

A lesion in the lining (mucosa) of the digestive tract, typically in the stomach or duodenum, caused by the digestive action of pepsin and stomach acid

A chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism or hepatitis

A small, hard crystalline mass formed abnormally in the gallbladder, often causing severe pain and blockage of the bile duct

A widespread condition involving recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea or constipation, often associated with stress, depression, anxiety, or previous intestinal infection

A chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, especially Crohn's disease or an ulcerative form of colitis, characterized by inflammation of the intestine and resulting in abdominal cramping and persistent diarrhea

• A
• D
• E
• K

• Thiamin (B1)
• Riboflavin (B2)
• Niacin (B3)
• Pyridoxine (B6)
• Cobalamin (B12)
• BiotinPantothenic Acid (B5)
• Folic Acid
• Choline
• Vitamin C

• ingestion
• secretion
• mixing & propulsion
• digestion
• absorption
• defecation

lines the inside of the abdominal cavity and organs in the cavity

• parietal peritoneum
• visceral peritoneum

fluid

take in/chew food

• move food around
• swallow
• speech
• taste

secrete saliva

break down food by chewing

swallowing

moves food from pharynx to stomach via peristalsis

• mashes & mixes food
• temporarily stores food
• secretes gastric juices
• starts protein & fat digestion

• produces bile
• breaks down drugs and alcohol
• involved in metabolism
• break down of glycogen and some vitamins & minerals
• phagocytosis of old blood cells & bacteria
• activates vitamin D

stores bile

secrete insulin and glucagon

chemical digestion and absorption of food

• haustral churning & peristalsis push contents to rectum
• synthesize vitamins w/assistance of bacteria
• finish absorption of water and vitamin
• form feces
• finish water absorption

stimulates defecation reflex

• moisten food
• start breakdown of food

• mostly water
• mucous
• salivary amylase

• parotid
• sublingual
• submandibular

• incisors
• canines
• premolars (bicuspids)
• molars

• mouth--> pharynx--> upper esophageal sphincter--> 
• esophagus--> cardiac sphincter--> stomach--> pyloric sphincter--> 
• duodenum--> jejunum--> ilium--> ileocecal--> sphincter--> cecum--> 
• ascending colon--> transverse colon--> 
• descending colon--> sigmoid colon--> rectum--> anus

• mucus
• hydrochloric acid
• pepsin
• intrinsic factor

• water 
• sodium bicarbonate
• digestive enzymes 
•      -amylase
•      -pancreatic lipase
•      -enzymes to digest proteins
•      -nucleases

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ilium

• circular folds
• villi
• microvilli

• dissacharides
• monosaccharides
• maltase
• sucrose
• lactase

peptides then into amino acides by petidases

• glycerol
• fatty acids

• fat and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through lacteals
• (into lymphatic system)

• ileocecal sphincter
• cecum
• appendix
• ascending, transverse, descending & 
• sigmoid colon
• rectum
• anus

• illness
• lactose intolerance
• stress
• food poisoning

• dehydration
• electrolyte imbalance

• insufficient fiber or fluids
• stress
• lack of exercise

• laxatives
• fiber
• drink more water

• A
• B
• C

B

polyps

• constipation
• diarrhea 
• cramping
• abdominal pain
• rectal bleeding
• blood in stool

hgh-fiber, low-fat diet