psych test 4

• Repression: unconsious motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories
• Denial: motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
• Regression: act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safter age
• Reaction Formation: swich unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
• Projection: the unconsious attribution of one's own unacceptable urges or qualities onto others
• Rationalization: providing a reasonable sounding explaination for unreasonable behaviors
• Displacement: shifts emotional impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

• biological influences are
• genetic factors: heredity
• neural factors: brain activity
• biochemistry: hormones

• psychological/social influences are
• averse conditions and feeling frusterated
• getting reinforced for agressive behavior
• having a gression modeled at home or in the media
• adopting social scripts for agression from culture and the media

• oral stage: birth to 18 months: infants obtain pleasure through oral activities such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking
• anal stage:18 months to 3 yrs. pleasure comes from elimination; focuses on toilet training
• phallic stage:3-6 yr olds focuses on genitals; child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite sex parent
• latency stage:6-12 yr olds. sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious; dormant
• genital stage:12- adulthood. sexual impulses reawaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others

• Neuroscience: how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
• evolutionary: how the natural selection of triats has promoted the survival of genes
• behavior genetics: how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
• psychodynamic: how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
• behavioral: how we learn observable responses
• cognitive: how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
• social-cultural: how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

• 1. one is made to feel imcompetant or insecure
• 2. the group has a least 3 people
• 3. the group is unanimous
• 4. one admires the group's status and attractivness
• 5. one has no prior commitment to a response
• 6. the group observes one's behavior
• 7. one's culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard.

• Openess: intellectually curious
• Conscientiousness: careful and responsible
• Extraversion: social and lively
• Agreeableness: friendly, easy to get along wiht
• Neuroticism: tense and moody

• 1. if we are not in a hurry
• 2. if we are not preoccupied
• 3. if we observe someone else being helpful
• 4. if we are feeling guilty
• 5. if the person is similar to us in some way
• 6. if the person is a woman
• 7. if we are in a good mood

attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's

An individual's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors persisting over time

• psychoanalytic model
• behavioral model
• social-cognitive model
• humanistic model
• trait model

• emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior. believes strongly in the influence of early childhood experience
• freud

• consist of behaviors and emphasizes that differences stem from genetic factors and contingencies in the environment (reward and punishment). Personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning. you are what you do. do not accept the idea of free will in personality
• watson

• personality is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context
• Bandura

• optimistic view of human nature emphasizing self-awareness, free choice and self-fulfillment. the focus is on potential for healthy personal growth. Exactly opposite of behaviorist and psychoanalytic.
• Maslow & Rodgers

aims to pinpoint the major traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

• Id: the basic instincts; primitive impulses; the reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that seeks to satisfy sexual and agressive drives
• Ego: the boss, the psyche's concious executive part of personalittiy that mediates among the id, superego, and reality; principal decision maker
• Superego: conscience; the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and fore future aspirations

• personality is not determined by early childhood experiences
• less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality
• more optimistic regarding long-term personality growth

• childhood tensions are social in nature, not sexual
• inferiority complex: feelings of inferiority that can lead to overcompensation; mental illness are compensation for inferiority

• 3 patterns of behavior
• move toward other people:excessive need for approval and affection
• move against other people: excessive need for power
• move away from other people: excessive need for independence and self-sufficiency

collective unconscious- shared inherited reservoir of memory (storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us)

• Locus of control: the extent to which people believe that reinforces and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
• external locus of control: the idea that chance or outside forces determine one's fate
• internal locus of control: the idea that we control our own fate
• learned helplessness: the hopelessness and passive resignation a person learns when he/she is unable to avoid aversive events

• peak experiences: transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
• self-actualization: the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

• self: the core of our personality; the organizer and reservoir of our thoughts, feelings, actions, choices, attitudes
• the spotlight effect: assuming that people have attention focused on you when they actually may not be noticing you
• narcissism: self absorbsion, self-gratification, inflated but fragile self-worth. see themselves as having a special place in the world.

• how we think in relation to other people
• how we treat each other; relate to each other

• personality psychologists study traits that pertain to one person
• social psychologists study situations that could influence anyone

we have a tendency to give causal explainations for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

• a conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event
• situational attribution: factors outside the person
• dispositional attribution: the person's enduring traits, personality

tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others

beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events. attitudes affect our actions

• 1. external influences ar e minimal
• 2. the attitude is stable
• 3. the attitude is specific to the behavior
• 4. the attitude is easily recalled

when people stand for what they believe in they start believing in what they stand for

• foot in the door phenomenon
• role play
• cognitive dissonance

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

when you are given a role you can develop that attitude. like the students were assigned as prisoners and guards and they started to develop the appropriate attitudes towards each other

when our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes

• conformity
• obedience
• group behavior

• someone with authority
• someone associated with a prestigious institution
• someone is standing close by
• when the "victim" is in another room
• when others obey or no one else disobeys

• social facilitation: improved performance on tasks in the prescence of others
• social loafing: tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
• deindividuation: the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (mob behavior)

the tendency of group discussions to strengthen dominant attitudes or prevailing inclinations held by individual group members

• mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a descision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives
• like when people know something is a bad idea but they don't want to cause trouble so they dont say anything

unjustifyable attitude toward a group and its members

• beliefs
• negative emotions
• predisposition to act

unjustified negative behavior applied to member of a select group

generalized belief about a group, applied to every member of a group

the tendency to favor one's own group

the observation that, when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame

tendency of people to believe the world is just, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations like violent video games etc

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking them

aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

unselfish regard for the welfare of other people

tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present