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What does cryptococus neoformans cause?
cryptococcosis
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Where in the body do we find cryptococus neoformans?
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What does Aspirgillus fumigatus cause?
aspergillosis
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What does Aspirgillus fumigatus do to ruminants?
causes abortions
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Where can we find Aspirgillus fumigatus in the body?
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Which species is Aspirgillus fumigatus a problem in?
birds
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Histoplasma capsulatum is a _____ fungi.
dimorphic (mold and yeast forms)
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What does Histoplasma capsulatum cause?
histoplasmosis
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Where in the body do we find Histoplasma capsulatum?
lungs and lymph nodes
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Where in the environment do we find Histoplasma capsulatum?
river valleys
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Where should we look for Histoplasma capsulatum on a cytology?
in macrophages
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Are there different tests available for Histoplasma capsulatum?
yes, ELISA/skin tests
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Blastomyces dermatitidis is a _____ fungi.
dimorphic (mold and yeast forms)
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What does Blastomyces dermatitidis cause?
blastomycosis
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Where in the US and environment do we find Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Mississippi and Ohio river valleys
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Where in the body do we find Blastomyces dermatitidis?
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Blasomyces dermatitidis causes what kind of inflammation?
chronic
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Other than cytology, what other tests are available for Blastomyces dermatitidis?
ELISA/skin tests
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What is the normal flora of the GI and urinary tract?
Candida albicans
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When we have an overgrowth of Candida albicans what do we call it?
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Which species does Candida albicans become pathogenic in?
birds
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What is a common contaminate that grows on DTM plates?
- alternaria
- common environmental fungus found in soil, plants, food and indoor air
- when cultured, the colonies are black due to the production of melanin - like pigments (this is why tomatoes turns black)
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Coccidiodes immitis is a _____ fungi.
dimorphic (mold and yeast forms)
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What does Coccidiodes immitis cause?
coccidiodomycosis (valley fever)
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Where in the US do we find Coccidiodes immitis?
dry areas (south west US)
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Where in the body do we find Coccidiodes immitis?
lungs but could also spread to other sites like bone
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Does Coccidiodes immitis bud?
no
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When we are looking at Coccidiodes immitis, how do we focus with the microscope?
in focus with neutrophils
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What is another name for Microsporum gypseum?
ringworm
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Microsporum gypseum is part of the _____ mycosis.
superficial
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Is Microsporum gypseum a dermatophyte?
yes
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Can we culture Microsporum gypseum in house?
yes, on DTM
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Is Microsporum canis a dermatophyte?
yes
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Microsporum canis is part of the _____ mycosis.
superficial
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What is another name for Microsporum canis?
ringworm
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Can we culture Microsporum canis in house?
yes, on DTM
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Is Trichophyton mentagrophytes a dermatophyte?
yes
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What is another name for Trichophyton mentagrophytes?
ringworm
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How is Trichophyton mentagrophytes spread?
by direct contact
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Other than mycellium, what else can cause a color change on a DTM?
bacteria and other contaminants
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What do we use 10% potassium hydroxid (KOH) for?
used as a clearing agent to remove debris when examining hair shafts microscopically
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What are arthrospores within the hair shaft called?
endothrix
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What are arthrospores outside the hair shaft called?
ectothrix
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What is the technique called when we use KOH to remove arthrospores?
trichogram
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A positive result with the wood's lamp indicates _____.
Microsporum canis
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What does a positive result for Microsporum canis look like under a wood's lamp? What does dandruff look like?
- Microsporum canis: apple green glow
- Dandruff: white
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How long does it take for a wood's lamp to warm up?
5 minutes
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Cryptococcus neoformans
- single, large, thick walled yeast
- surrounded by a non-staining, wide gelatinous capsule
- may see budding forms
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Cryptococcus neoformans
- single, large, thick walled yeast
- surrounded by a non-staining, wide gelatinous capsule
- may see budding forms
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Aspirgillus fumigatus
- hyphae and spores most often seen
- cultures may exhibit conidiophores (fruiting) bodies
-
Aspirgillus fumigatus
- hyphae and spores most often seen in clinical samples
- cultures may exhibit conidiophores (fruiting) bodies
-
Histoplasma capsulatum
- small yeast form
- thick wall
- often fills macrophages
- often budding
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Histoplasma capsulatum
- small yeast form
- thick wall
- often fills macrophages
- often budding
-
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- large yeast form
- thick, double wall
- basophilic with Diff-Quik stain
- often budding
-
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- large yeast form
- thick, double wall
- basophilic with Diff-Quik stain
- often budding
-
Candida albicans
- yeast cells occasionally in strings (pseudohyphae)
- true short hyphae may be present
-
Candida albicans
- yeast cells occasionally in strings (pseudohyphae)
- true short hyphae may be present
-
Alternaria
- common environmental fungus found in soil, plants, food, and indoor air
- often considered an environmental contaminant in DTM cultures
-
Coccidiodes immitis
- mold form - barrel shaped arthrospores
- arthrospores are the infectious form
-
Coccidiodes immitis
yeast form - huge spherules that contain numerous small endospores
-
Microsporum gypseum
- rounded ends with no knobs
- rowboat shaped
- fewer than 6 cells
- thin walled macroconidia
-
Microsporum gypseum
- rounded ends with no knobs
- rowboat shaped
- fewer than 6 cells
- thin walled macroconidia
-
Microsporum canis
- knob seen on terminal end
- canoe shaped
- 6 or more cells
- thick walled macroconidia
-
Microsporum canis
- knob seen on terminal end
- canoe shaped
- 6 or more cells
- thick walled macroconidia
-
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
- cigar shaped
- thin walls
- variable number of cells inside
-
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
- cigar shaped
- thin walls
- variable number of cells inside
-
What type of DTM is this?
Fungassay
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How do we do a microscopic observation of hair shafts? What do we look for? What is endothrix? What is exothrix?
- Add KOH to the hair shaft on the slide, gently heat
- look for arthrospores - asexual, thick walled spores formed by hyphal separation
- endothrix: within the hair shaft
- exothrix: outside of the hair shaft
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What do we need to pay attention to when we are observing fungi under the microscope?
- size of organism
- thickness of the cell wall
- structures and cells surrounding the organism
- staining of organisms and surrounding areas
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When we are staining a tape sample of skin, which Diff Quik stains do we skip and why?
the fixative because the alcohol in the fixative will eat the adhesive from the tape
-
How do we do a microscopic observation after a DTM?
- place a drop or two of LactoPhenol Cotton Blue stain on a slide
- gently tease a small amount of growth from the surface of the agar and gently mix with the stain on the slide
- add a cover slip and observe under 10x and 40x
-
What stain do we use to view organisms after a DTM?
LactoPhenol Cotton Blue
-
What is the most distinguishing characteristic of Blastomyces?
very large
-
What is the main distinguishing characteristic of the Cryptococcus organism?
single large thick walled yeast surrounded by non-staining wide gelatinous capsule
-
Describe the difference between microconnidia and macroconnidia?
macroconnidia is larger than microconnidia
-
Besides the ear, what other areas of the body are often affected by Malassezia in dogs?
skin
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