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What recruits TFIID to the core promotor and/or activates its function?
Transcriptional activator
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Transcriptional activator recruits ______ to the core promoter and/or activates its function.
TFIID
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Transcriptional activator recruits TFIID to the ________ and/or activates its function.
Core promoter
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Transcriptional activator recruits TFIID to the core promoter and/or ......
activates its function.
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Transcriptional repressor inhibits ______ binding to the core promoter or inhibits its function.
TFIID
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Transcriptional repressor inhibits TFIID binding to the _______ or inhibits its function.
core promoter
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_________ inhibits TFIID binding to the core promoter or inhibits its function.
transcriptional repressor
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Transcriptional repressor inhibits TFIID binding to the core promoter or.....
inhibits its function
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what can recruit TFIIB to the promoter?
Activators
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What can occur from quite a long distance from the start site of transcription?
gene activation
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What are TBP associated Proteins (TAFs) ?
transcriptional coactivators
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Does a TBP (TATA Binding Protein) with no TAFs (TBP associated Protein) support basal transcription or activator-dependent transcription?
a TBP with no TAFs can only support basal transcription and NOT activator-dependent transcription, because TAFs are needed for activator-dependent transcription
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Does a TBP (TATA Binding Protein) with TAFs (TBP associated Protein) support basal transcription or activator-dependent transcription?
Yes, a TBP with TAFs supports basal transcription and activator-dependent transcription
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TFIID is a general transcription factor that binds to the TATA box and is needed to recruit...
RNA Polymerase II to the core promoter
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__________ are expected to enhance the ability of TFIID to initiate transcription
activators proteins
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coactivators are...
proteins that increase the rate of transcription but do not directly bind to the DNA itself.
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activator proteins exert their effects by interacting with....
coactivators.
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What is a mediator?
Protein complex involved in response to transcriptional activators
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The mediator is associated with the _________ domain of RNAP II
C-terminal
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What stimulates the function of the mediator?
Transcriptional activator
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The stiumltation of the mediator fucntion enables RNA pol to form a....
preinitiation complex
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After RNA pol forms a preinitiaion complex, it proceeds to the _______ phase of transcription
enlongation
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What inhibits the function of the mediator?
the transcriptional repressor
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when the transcriptional repressor inhibits the function of the mediator, transcription is...
repressed
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what is a motif?
When a domain or portion of a domain has a very similar structure in many different proteins
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What is a domain?
regions in transcription factor proteins that have specific functions
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What is the structure of a helix-turn-helix motif?
two alpha helices are connected by a turn
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The alpha helices of the helix-turn-helix motif, lie in what part of the DNA?
the major groove of the DNA
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What is the structure of the helix-loop-helix motif?
A short alpha helix is connected to a longer alpha helix by a loop.
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in a helix-loop-helix motif, what is formed from the interactions of two helix-loop-helix motifs?
a dimer
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in the helix-loop-helix motif, which helices are binding to the DNA?
the longer helices
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what is the structure of the zinc finger motif?
Each zinc finger is composed of one alpha helix, and two antiparallel beta sheets.
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in the zinc-finger motif, what holds the zinc finger together?
A zinc ion (Zn2+)
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What is the structure of the leucine zipper motif?
two alpha helices (coiled coil) are interwined via the leucines
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The leucine zipper promotes the dimerization of ....
two transcription factor proteins
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the leucine zipper promotes the ____________ of two transcription factor proteins...
dimerization
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what is a coiled coil?
two intertwined alpha helices
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What are the four common ways that the function of regulatory trancription factors can be affected?
- 1. Binding of an effector molecule
- 2. Protein-protein interactions
- 3. Covalent modification
- 4. Compartmentalization
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The binding of an effector molecule such as, a ________, may influence the ability of a transcription factor to bind to the DNA.
hormone
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The binding of an _________ such as, a hormone, may influence the ability of a transcription factor to bind to the DNA.
effector moleclue
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The binding of an effector molecule such as, a hormone, may influence the ability of a transcription factor to...
bind to the DNA.
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Protein-protein interactions among transcription factor proteins may....
influence their functions
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covalent modifications such as _______ may alter transcription factor function.
phosphorylation
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in the binding of a small effector molecule (hormone) what binds to the response element?
transcription factor with a binded hormone
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In protein-protein interactions, what binds to the response element?
two trancription facotr creating 1 homodimer
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In covalent modifcation, what binds to the response element?
two transcriptions factors with something covalently binded to them (PO4 3-)
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What is prednisone?
A synthetic drug used as an immunosuppressant to treat certain inflammatory diseases
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What affects the metabolism of carbohydrates?
Glucocorticoid hormones
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Glucocorticoid hormones affect metabolism of carbohydrates and are involved with the _______ system, particularly inflammation.
immune
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Once inside the cell, the glucocorticoid hormone binds to the...
glucocorticoid receptor
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When the glucocorticoid binds to the glucocoritcoid receptor, what is released from the receptor?
a proteins known as, HSP90
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When HSP90 is released from the glucocorticoid receptor, it exposes a ...
nuclear localization signal (NLS)
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After the NLS is exposed, two glucocorticoid receptors then form.....
a dimer and travel into the nucleus.
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When the glucocorticoid dimer gets to the nucleus, it binds to a ________ that is nect to a particular gene.
glucocorticoid response element (GRE)
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The binding of the glucocorticoid receptors to the GRE activates the......
transcription of the adjacent target gene.
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HSP stands for...
heat shock proteins
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What causes the plasma membrane receptor to activate the G protein?
extracellular signaling molecule
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What does the G protein activate, when it is activated by the plasma membrane receptor?
adenylyl cyclase
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adenylyl cyclase is used to make _______ from ATP.
cAMP
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cAMP (Second messenger) bind to ________ to create ATP
Protein kinase A
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What travels into the nucleus and phosphorylates the CREB protein?
protein kinase A
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Once the CREB protein is phosphorylated, is acts as a....
transcriptional activator
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What does CREB protein stand for?
cAMP Response Element Binding Protein
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What receptor is responsible for the activity of the CREB protein?
G protein coupled receptor GPCR
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What does UAS stand for?
Upstream Activating Sequence
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what is the upstream Activating Sequence?
a cis-acting regulatory sequence (on same DNA molecule) that increases the expression of a neighboring gene. (controlled gene misexpression in drosophila)
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Gal4 is always bound to....
UAS
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The availability of Gal 80 to complex with Gal4 is controlled by...
Gal3
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In the presence of Galactose, Gal sequesters ______ in the cytoplasm
Gal80
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In the absence of galactose, Gal4 in complexed with...
Gal80
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In the absence of galactose, Gal4 in complexed with Gal80, and genes are....
repressed
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In the absense of galactose in yeast, genes are....
repressed
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In the presence of galactose, Gal80 is _________
sequestered
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In the presence of galactose, Gal80 is sequesterd and genes are....
expressed
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In the presence of galactose, in yeast, genes are...
expressed.
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What modifies the CTD at the promoter in the pre-initiating RNAPII?
a nonP factor
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What modifies the CTD in the coding region in the initiating RNAPII?
TFIIH (Ser5P)
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What modifies the CTD in the coding region in the enlongating RNAPII?
CTDK-I (Ser2,5P)
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What modifies the CTD in the coding region in the terminating RNAPII?
Ser5PPPase (Ser2P)
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What are the functions of transcriptional activator proteins and repressor proteins?
interact with TFIID and/or mediator to promote the assembly of RNA polymerase and general transcription factors at the promoter region
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Transcriptional activation occurs when....
a regulatory transcription factor binds to a response element and activates transcription.
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Transcriptional inhibition occurs when.....
a regulatory transcription factor inhibits transcription.
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What could alter the structureof chromatin so that RNA polymerase and transcription factors areable to gain access to the promoter?
Activators
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What is the function of the helix-turn-helix motif?
DNA binding
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What is the function of the Zinc finger motif?
DNA binding
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What is the function of the Leucine Zipper motif?
Protein dimerization
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Explain how phosphorylation affects the function of the CREB protein.
Phosphorylation of the CREB protein causes it to act as a transcriptional activator.
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The unphosphorylated CREB protein can still bind to CREs, but it does not stimulate..... .
transcription
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An enhancer is a type of ________ element.
regulatory
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Regulatory transcription factors bind to....
regulatory elements
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An enhancer may cause the _____ regulation of transcription
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