Bio 2010

• golden brown algae (chrysophyta=class)
• contains pectin and silicone dioxide
• producer

• (pyrrophyta) triple membrane bound
• has chlorophyll, carotene, and peridinin
• has armored plates made of cellulose
• has two flagella (motile)
• producer

• transmits red back, making water red
• breve toxin-kills fish, tingling of extremities in man

• causes confusion of fish
• has 2 toxins-neurotixins and tissue toxin
• causes lesions on fish and scales sloughs away
• in man-inhaling and mental problems

• own group (euglenoid) was created
• is mobile and has producer 
• lacks cell wall
• euglenaphyta

unicellular, microscopic organisms, engulf food, motility, found in fresh or salt water and can be terrestrial (swamp), animal-like, no phytosynthetic properties,

consumes algae, good acquatic indicator, non-pathogenic

• causes Balantidias, endemic (prevalant) in Phillapines, cyst released w/fecal matter of pigs & ingested by man through contaminated water and food.
• troph stage attaches to walls of large intestine
• causes dysentary, perforation of intestine & peritonitis
• pathogen

Near belt of equator, in RBC's of someone with malaria

• 1. Sporozoites-infectious stage
• 2. Sporozoites travel through blood to liver 
•      hepatocytes (liver cells) remove sporozoites from blood 
• 3. Replication yields Merozoites rupturing the hepathocytes
• 4. Merozoites into blood and enter RVC
• 5. In RBC's, merozoites replicate and form trophozoites

• 5A. Merozoites lyse RBC's (chills, fever)
•        Enter more RBC's
•        This continues 
• 5B. For a few mosquitos, production of gametocytes (sex cells)
• 6. Gametocytes w/in RBC's are picked up by new female mosquito
• 7. Stores n gut region where they undergo sexual reproduction. Male and Female gametocytes fuse zygote
• 8. Zygote yields sporozoites sored in salivary glands
•     Definitive host yields sexual reproduction
•     Secondary host yields asexual reproduction

• causative agent-bana shaped protozoans w/encapsulated cyst form
• ingestion of undercooked lamb or of cyst from cat feces
• if pregnant, don't touch litter box
•      cyst stage is inhaled and crosses placenta
•      1st trimester-spontaneous abortion
•      3rd trimester-birth defects
• cat gets it from rodent

• from beavers, muskrats and raccoons
• must boil and filter water as cyst is head and acid reistant
• symptoms-frothy diarrhea due to inability to absorb fats, abominal cramps and weight loss

• two species-brucei gamblense and cruzi
• both look same on blood smear
• diagnosis to species by history of patient travel
•      african sleeping sickness
•      chaga's-southwest US or central America

• vectors
•      brucei-tsetse fly
•      cruzi-reduvid bug

• consumers (engulfment)
• fresh water
• good aquatic indicators
• pseudopodia is end of psytoplasmic streaming
• psytoplasmic=what they move by

• cyst ingested through contaminated water
• troph attaches to lining of large intestine
• causes amoebic dysentary (bloody diarrhea)
• eats our RBC's

• saphrophytic-require organic source of carbon for
•      protein synthesis
•      source for energy production (CHO)
• aerobic or facultative anaerobes
• have chitin (hard exo-skeleton) w/in cell walls
• two groups-=molds and yeasts

• mycelium-white spiderweb-like mold (type)
• structure
• where found
• optimum conditions for growth
• filamentous (one strand is hyphae, a lot is mycelium)
• terrestrial, moist environment, 70% or > humidity
• temp= -6-to 50 degrees C (opt-20-35)
• PH range, most <5, but range from 2-9

• white filamentous hyphae w/black sporulating structure
• asexual sporangiospores w/in sporangium
• sporangium breaks open and spores go to other mycelium

• mycelium is greenish-gray due to sporulating structures
• considered pathogen
• causes farmers lung or a spergillosis and aflotoxins
• growth on grains and peanuts

• blue gray filamentous mycelium
• conidia are present on tips of phialids yielding brush-like appearance
• penicillium notatum is used to make penicillin
• other penicillium species are used in cheese production

• microconidia of mold phase 
• budding yeast w/in macrophage in lung tissue

• caused by histoplasma capsulatum
• found in bird and bat feces (organic matter they decompose)
• bats and birds not contaminated w/ M.O.
• inhaling spores causes Histoplasmosis

• traps moisture in roots
• acts as decomposer
• grows in Douglass fern
• controlled by soi.

• Symbiotic relationship between algae or Cyanobacterium (both give sugar) and a mold (traps moisture)
• environmentall conscious=little or no pollution
• good environmental indicator

• unicellular
• reproduce by budding
• under fermentation
• sugar + yeast yields alcohol + CO2

• used in production of
•      bread
•      beer (S.C. +barley and hopps)
•      wine (S.C. + grapes)

• normal flora in low #'s w/in
•      oral cavity
•      vaginal area of women
• #'s kept in check by presence of Lactobacillus
•      produces lactic acid as waste product
•      keeps pH low-causes yeast infection
• oral antibiotics can cause overgrowth of candida albicans
• thrush-in infacts and babies
•      overload of candida
•      indicator of AIDS
•      adults who are immune suppressed get thrush
• vaginitis-too much lactobacillus

• has same colonial morphology and gram stain
• Germ Tube Test-put them in plasma
•      germ tube test (+) for candida in plasma
•      germ tube test (-) for saccharomyces

• encapsulated yeast
• found in soil and pigeon droppings
• aerosolizes and inhaled (goes to lung to blood, travels through blood brain barrier inflamation in meninges (covering of brain)
• pathogen