EBP II Exam 1.txt

probability of false positives in the study result

will be 0 for the difference in groups; while the null will be 1 for OR, HR, RR

the average, this will be the middle of the bell shaped curve

the value that divides a series of numbers in half when they are listed in order, this will be used for skewed data that does not conform to the bell shaped curve

the most frequently occurring number in a series

found using the patient population, square root of the variance, (the average sum squared difference from the mean); measurement of participant variability, measurement in the variability of data, how spread out it is

the interquartile range (IQR), also called the mid-spread or middle fifty, is a measure of statistical dispersion, being equal to the difference between the third and first quartiles. IQR = Q3 − Q1

non-normal bell curve

normal bell curve, symmetric around the mean with the mean as the peak of the curve going out toward but never reaching 0

found with the clinical data, the spread of the sampled means for the data gathered, the measure of the precision/variability of the measurement (SD)

“the neighborhood of the truth” An estimated range of values around a point estimate. Example: The 95% confidence interval says there is a 95% chance that the actual value found is within the C.I. Precision of study results, range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter

it would lead to unnecessary treatment of patients**

stating there is a difference in groups when there isn’t one , incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis AKA failure to accept the null, will result in false positives

stating that there is no difference in groups where there is one, incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis AKA failure to reject the null, will result in false negatives

the probability to correctly reject the null hypothesis when you should. Mathematically defined as 1-Type II error rate, depends on: sample size, difference between groups and type 1 error

Is the study result of practical interest? Do other findings matter?

comparison of categorical data for large sample chosen, may be used to compare groups…test whether observed frequencies are different from expected frequencies in a data table

categorical for small sample chosen (>5 subjects)

a statistical test used to detect the difference in two means, two groups, and factor in variability in data commonly used for continuous data, comparison of 2 different groups

a t-test for used when comparing two means that are within the same group Ex. The mean at the beginning of a study and the mean at the end of the study, comparison of dependent groups

a test for statistical significance of data that is not on a normal bell curve distribution (non-parametric), used for paired data–used for group comparisons, rank testing

a test for statistical significance of data that is not on a normal bell curve distribution (non-parametric), used for unpaired data –used for group comparisons, rank testing

A way to analyze groups of means to see if they are equivalent or not; if the ANOVA model fits the data well, and if a statistically significant difference is detected then post-testing is conducted

• compare the group pairs, done in the second stage of statistical analysis…three types:
• • Tukey-used if the groups are unequal in size
• • Bonferroni-for both equal and unequal groups
• • Scheffé-very conservative to minimize type 1 error

explains the differences in means. A calculation of the line of best fit passing through a set of data, which will allow for prediction about direction and amount variables change

explains the differences in means, in addition to explaining the differences in groups it can also be adjusted for age, gender, smoking, cancer etc…

allows for comparison of differences in odds between groups, results are an odds ratio which is a slight over estimate of relative risk

in addition to explaining differences in OR between groups, they also adjust for age, gender, smoking, cancer etc…

t-test, ANOVA, regression

for ranking: Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney; for categorical data: Chi-square, Fisher’s exact

cause must come before effect

the effects must be repeatable

the does response effect—small dose and small response v. big dose and bigger response

de-challenge v. re-challenge aka the interventional effect

Does what’s happening makes sense according to biological knowledge at the time

bias

chance

the number of patients who would need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome

the number of patients who would need to be treated in order for one bad outcome to occur

• •Mainly used with RCT
• •Probability of disease in the exposed group minus the probability of disease in the unexposed group
• •Represents the excess risk due to exposure to the factor under investigation

• • RR is used to assess the influence of treatment/prevention strategies of potential hazards upon the prevalence of a given condition in a given population
• • RR will typically be used in cohort studies
• • RR is the probability of disease in the exposed group divided by the probability of disease in the unexposed group
• • RR >1 there is a positive association with the risk of disease
• • RR<1 there is a negative risk association with the risk of disease
• • RR=1 there is no association with the risk of disease

• • OR is used to assess how exposure to something effects disease
• • Used with case control studies
• • OR >1 those who are exposed are more likely to be diseased
• • OR<1 those who are exposed are less likely to be diseased
• • OR=1 there is no association with exposure and disease
• • If 1 is included within the confidence interval then the results are not considered statistically significant

• • An estimation of harm given an exposure to a specific hazard
• • RR is the hazard of disease occurrence in the exposed group divided by the hazard of disease in the unexposed group over time (RR/time)
• • Used to assess the potential hazards of upon the nearness of an event
• • Used in studies looking for longer survivals due to a harmful or beneficial exposure
• • HR >1 there is a positive association
• • HR<1 there is a negative risk association
• • HR=1 there is no association

assess health status and exposure level of subjects at a point in time

retrospective observational study comparing diseased and non-diseased groups

prospective observational study comparing diseased and non-diseased groups

prospective experimental design where the sample is broken into 2+ groups who are then put into categories such as treatment, placebo, alternative treatment, double dosage etc.

Cross-Sectional analytic study

Cohort Study, population based case control

Cohort study

RCT, systematic review