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Despite superficial similarities, the further east one went in Europe, c. 1700,
- a. the greater the importance and size of the bourgeoisie.
- b. the greater the importance of the state, vis-a-vis civil society.
- c. the weaker the agricultural sector of the economy compared to commerce.
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Peter's decision to Europeanize his country was decisive and revolutionary because
- a. the state was incomparably more powerful than any other institution.
- b. the personality of the tsar was the main force in Russia.
- c. prior to his reign western influence was unknown in Russia.
-
Along with his half-brother Ivan V, Peter I, aged 10, succeeded
c. his half-brother Theodore [Fedor].
-
During the succession crisis, in 1682 and in1689, it made the final formal decision:
a. the boyar duma.
-
Sophia's Regency was greatly weakened by
b. military fiascos for which her favorite, Prince Basil Golytsin, was responsible.
-
As a youth growing up in the Moscow suburbs, Peter's favorite place to visit was
- a. Church.
- b. the Nemetskaia Sloboda
- c. the Novodevichii Monastery.
-
Peter's playmates were subsequently to be organized as
a. the first two Guards Regiments,
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The social composition of Peter's reformist entourage:
c. the entire social gamut, including clergy and foreigners.
-
Aside from his second wife, Catherine, Peter's closest associate was the former pie-vendor
a. Alexander Menshikov.
-
When Peter's forces were defeated by the Turks at Azov, in 1695, the new tsar
a. built up a quasi-modern invasion fleet and came back to win.
-
The Grand Embassy departed in March 1697, and Peter stayed abroad for
c. eighteen months.
-
The final death of the old order in Russia was symbolized by
b. the gruesome execution of the streltsy, following their rebellion in 1698.
-
Peter joined the Great Northern War on 19 August 1700, and on 30 November
c. 40K Russians were defeated by 4K Swedes at the Battle of Narva.
-
Peter made use of the years 1701-1708 to modernize his forces and to
a. invade Sweden while its king was in Poland.
-
The fully Europeanized Russian army finally destroyed its Swedish counterpart
b. at Nystadt, in Sweden, on 30 August 1721, thus ending the war.
-
During Peter's reign, only for one entire year (1724) and __ various months was Russia at peace.
b. thirteen
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Under Peter's conscription laws, each draftee, whether gentleman or serf, started at the bottom and served
c. for life.
-
The elite Guards regiments were
c. used as agents who carried out special assignments by-passing the bureaucracy.
-
Peter's reign began with a large, albeit obsolete, army and a navy consisting of
a. one obsolete vessel.
-
It first met only in the monarch's absence but became a permanent and important body:
b. the Imperial Senate.
-
The Academy of Sciences [Akademiia nauk], founded in 1725
b. still exists as the country's premier institution of higher learning.
-
In general, Peter's administrative reforms succeeded only at the _____ level.
c. imperial
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The Holy Synod, 12 clerics overseen by a lay Ober-Procurator,
b. replaced the office of patriarch and governed the Church under the law.
-
Under Peter Russia was flooded with western-named institutions and imported terminology,
- a. yet, as of old, everything turned on bribery, corruption and arbitrary officials.
- b. and reality tended, on the whole, to conform to the image decreed by the reforms.
- c. while the head tax lightened the burden on the lower classes.
-
Peter's financial and social reforms might be described as
a. wholesale revolutionary change on the western model.
-
Peter made economic development a high priority,
b. and his famous efforts to stimulate private enterprise were mainly successes.
-
The most lasting and impressive symbol of Peter's turn to the West:
a. St. Petersburg, the new capital built in the architectural styles of Europe.
-
In general, the most lasting of Peter's reforms have proved to have been the
a. military.
-
Unlike Ivan IV, Peter the Great
c. did not slip over into the neurotic world of paranoia.
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