BI 253 Chapters 12-13

Which type of reproduction provides genetic diversity & why?

Reproduction based on mitotic division of the nucleus is ___ or ___.

____ reproduction provides genetic material fr both parents.

Variation in asexual reproduction is due to ____ not the parents.

In asexual reproduction offspring ____ identical to parents where as in sexual reproduction offspring ___ identical to parents

Mitosis is the division of ____ cells where as Meiosis is the division of ___ or ___ cells.

Mitosis creates ____ copies where as Meiosis creates ___ copies.

What are the 5 steps in mitosis?

In mitosis, what is the relationship between amt of genetic material @ beginning & end?

The process of meiosis ends w/ ____ the genetic material it started with.

In meiosis, the nucleus divides ____ but the DNA replicated ____.

How many daughter cells are formed in meiosis?

What are 3 functions of Meiosis?

Each of a pr of DNA molecules after DNA replication is called a ____.

What structure joins 2 chromatids together?

The protein/DNA complex that makes up chromosomes is called ____.

What term describes DNA complexed w/specific proteins that are responsible for storage & transmission of genetic material?

How do chromatids, chromatin & centromeres all come together?

Proteins that DNA wraps around during interphase are called ___?

What is a nucleosome & what does it look like?

Nucleosomes are made up of ___ histone molecules w/ ___ base prs of DNA utilizing histone H1 to what?

What structure separates daughter cells during cell division?

What are 2 types of microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle?

What do polar microtubules do in the mitotic spindle?

What do kinetochore microtubules attach to and where?

Regions where microtubules are formed are called what?

Each centrosome produces ___ ___.

Cylindrical structures that are composed of 9 triplet microtubules & form mitotic spindle are called ___.

The specialized region of the chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during cell division are called ____.

Polar & kinetochore microtubules are formed in the ____.

Each centrism contains a pr of ___.

A chart that organizes chromosomes based on size, number & shape is called a ____.

What are 4 steps to create a karyotype?

What is the primary use for a karyotype?

What does a haploid describe & how is it denoted?

When 2 haploid cells (egg & sperm) fuse in fertilization, a ___ is created that is a ___ (2n).

The number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is denoted ___ & is ___.

A pr of chromosomes where members share same genes & are similar but not identical are called ____ ____.

A ____ is one of a pr of chromosomes.

Egg & sperm are both ___ cells until fertilization then they become ____.

Prokaryotic cells divide by a process of ____ ____.

Binary Fission is a form of ____ reproduction.

Asexual reproduction & binary fission ALWAYS create daughter cells that are ____ to parents.

What are the steps in binary fission?

When a cells divides much like a drawstring bag when it closes it is called ____.

What are the 2 reproductive signals for binary fission?

What is the origin of replication or where replication begins called?

The terminus of replication or where replication ends is called what?

What are the 2 primary phases of the cell cycle?

What are the 3 subphases of the interphase of the cell cycle?

When does the G1 phase of cell cycle occur?

When some cells leave the G1 phase they go to a resting phase called ___.

At what point does a cell commit to dividing?

During the S phase of the cell cycle what happens?

What 2 things do cells do during the G2 phase of cell cycle?

What do cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CdK's) do?

What are cyclins & CdKs made up of?

A ____ always present in a cell but active site not open until it binds with a ____.

Cyclins are made when?

When a cyclin & Cdk bind, exposing Cdk's active site, what events happen next?

Cyclin D - Cdk 4 & cyclin E - Cdk 2 bind during ___ phase & accomplish what?

Cyclin A - Cdk 2 act during ___ phase & to stimulate ____ ____?

Cyclin B - Cdk 1 act during the ___ → ___ boundary to initiate ____.

When speaking of gender chromosomes 2 X's = ____ & 1X & 1Y = ____.

What chromosomal abnormality occurs when either homologous chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase I or sis chromatids fail to separate during anaphase II?

A form of non disjunction where there are too many or not enough chromosomes is called ___.

What is the name given to a condition where there are whole extra sets of chromosomes?

____ occurs when part of 1 chromosome breaks off & attaches to another.