Psychology

An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience

Represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and the fulfillment of a person's unique potential

Emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self-regulation

Emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals

Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development

A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind

In Freud's Theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness

In Freud's Theory, information in your immediate awareness

In Freud's Theory, information that can easily be made conscious

Id, Ego, Superego

Latin for the it; in Freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle

The self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species

The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive

The death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions

The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id

Latin for I; in Freud's theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world

The capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist

In Freud's theory, the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules

Largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety

The unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism

The ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous

An ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a form of displacement

Justifying one's actions or feelings with socially acceptable explanations rather than consciously acknowledging one's true motives or desires

The attribution of one's own unacceptable urges or qualities to others

Thinking or behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses

The failure to recognize or acknowledge the existence of anxiety-producing information

A form of unconscious repentance that involves neutralizing or atoning for an unacceptable action or thought with a second action or thought

Retreating to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage of development

In Freud's theory, age-related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through the activities associated with those areas

In Freud's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings for the same-sex parent

In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person

• Birth to age 1
• The mouth is the primary focus of pleasurable and gratifying sensations, which the infant achieves via feeding and exploring objects with his mouth

• 1 to 3
• The anus is the primary focus of pleasurable sensations, which the young child derives through developing control over elimination via toilet training

• 3 to 6
• The genitals are the primary focus of pleasurable sensations, which the child derives through sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent

• 7 to 11
• Sexual impulses become repressed and dormant as the child develops same-sex friendships with peers and focuses on school, sports, and other activities

• Adolescence
• As the adolescent reaches physical sexual maturity, the genitals become the primary focus of pleasurable sensations, which the person seeks to satisfy in heterosexual relationships

The surface images of a dream, the elements that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer

The true, hidden, unconscious meaning of a dream disguised in the dream symbols

The fear that a boy's father will punish him by castrating him (Freud's phallic stage)

A technique developed by Joseph Breur, in which he hypnotized a patient, then asked the patient to speak freely about a given symptom, and forgotten memories of a traumatic event would emerge. After freely expressing the pent up emotions associated with the event, the symptoms would disappear.

A little girl discovers that little boys have a penis and she does not, and feels a sense of deprivation and loss. She develops contempt for and resentment toward her mother. 

Freud's followers. They kept the foundation but developed their own explanations for personality processes. 

In Jung's theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas

In Jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious

The "feminine" side of every man

The "masculine" side of every woman

A basic personality type in which people focus their attention inward

A basic personality type in which people focus their attention and energy toward the outside world

the feeling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world

Men envying women's capacity to bear children

The desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection and self-realization

Experienced during infancy and childhood, when the child is helpless and dependent on others

A general sense of inadequacy, weakness, and helplessness. Often unable to strive for mastery and self-improvement. 

Overcompensation for feelings of inferiority, denying the reality of one's limitations