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What is gene expression?
- The process where genetic info flows from genes to proteins; flow of genetic info from genotype to phenotype.
- DNA ---> RNA ---> protein
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What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
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Name two examples of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA
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What are the functions of enzymes during replication/transcription?
- 1. Breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases
- 2. Stabilizing the ends of the DNA
- 3. Bringing correct nucleotide and connecting them
- 4. Proofreading the new strands
- 5. Forming hydrogen bonds and "zipping" up the DNA molecule
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Where in the cell does translation occur?
At the ribosome
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What specifically does the transfer RNA do?
Brings the correct amino acid to the ribsome
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When does replication occur?
During interphase before the cell divides
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When does transcription occur?
When the cell needs to have a particular protein synthesized
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How is RNA different than DNA?
RNA has a different sugar than DNA, RNA is a single strand; DNA is a double strand; RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.
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Why are insertions and deletions considered more harmful than substitutions?
They change the sequence of bases in each codon for all of subsequent bases
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What is a codon?
Every group of 3 bases on an mRNA molecule, Each codon is a code word for a specific amino acid.
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What vector was used to get a human insulin gene into a bacterium?
Plasmid
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What type of cell is used to provide the nucleus needed in cloning?
Somatic
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At what stage of development are embryonic stem cells derived?
Blastocyst
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What enzymes do you need to get the target gene into the organism?
Restriction enzymes
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Before the "invention" of GM organisms, how did humans manipulate the DNA of organisms?
Selective breeding
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What is each nucleotide made up of?
- Sugar
- Phosphate group
- Base
- -4 bases are: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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T/F: Every cell has the same genes.
- True
- *Some genes are turned on and off ; this is controlled by different factors.
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Prokaryotic DNA contains:
(Plants, Bacteria, etc.)
- -several million base pairs - one chromosome
- -related genes that are grouped
- -mostly coding DNA
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Eukaryotic DNA contains:
(Humans Animals, Fungi, etc.)
- -billions of base pairs - several chromosomes
- -genes that are not grouped
- -mostly non-coding DNA
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Noncoding DNA types:
- -Spacer DNA
- -Introns
- -Transposons
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Coding DNA contains:
-Exons that are the sequences in genes that code for a specific protein (this is interrupted by introns)
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Homeotic genes do what?
- -Act as master switches
- -Start gene cascades
- -Coordinate development of specific structures
- -Cell and timing specific expression
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What is a gene cascade?
An entire series of reactions which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction orcompound.
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What triggers a gene cascade?
a homeotic gene
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DNA must be what to go through transcription?
Unpacked
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In order to clone an extinct animal you would have to have a _________ cell that contains all of the ____________ from that animal.
Somatic; chromosomes
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What is an orgaism called that has genes from a different organism in it?
Genetically modified/transgenic
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What would be the difference between the DNA molecules of a mouse and the DNA molecules of a fruit tree?
Sequence of bases
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What is the process that occurs during development from a zygote to a mulitcellular organism where the cells specialize?
Differentiation
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