Saladin-26.1 Nutrition

Term which accounts for the long-term stability of bodyweight: tendency of body weight to remain stable

Extent to which heredity affects human weight (homeostatic set point)

Extent to which diet and exercise (enviromental factors) affect human body weight (the homeostatic set point)

This is regulated by peptide hormones and regulatory pathways which control short- and long-term body weight

Chemical signals from the GI tract which act on the brain to regulate food consumption

Short-term (minutes to hours) appetite regulators (3)

short-term gut brain peptide secreted by parietal cells in gastric fundus (especially when empty)

short-term gut brain peptide which produces sensation of hunger

short-term gut brain peptide which stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone-releasing hormone--thus priming body to utilize incoming nutrients

GhrelinHypothalamusGHRH

short-term gut brain peptide whcih d/c w/in an hour after eating

short-term gut brain peptide related to neuropeptid Y (NPY) family of hormones

short-term gut-brain peptide secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon as food enters stomach

short-term gut-brain peptide which is released in proportion to the calories consumed

short-term gut-brain peptide whose primary effect signals satiety and desire to stop eating

short-term gut-brain peptide which remaines elevated well after a meal, prolongs satiety, and acts as an ileal brake to prevent stomach from empying too quickly

short-term gut-brain peptide secreted by enteroendocrine cells in duodenum and jejunum

short-term gut-brain peptide which stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes

short-term gut-brain peptide which suppresses appetite by stimulating the brain and sensory fibers of the vagus nerves

short-term gut-brain peptide which stimulates hunger

short-term gut-brain peptides (2) which suppress appetite

Long-term appetite regulators--govern rate of caloric intake and energy expenditure over weeks to years (2)

signal which informs brain of how much adipose tissue exists in the body and activates mechanisms for adding or reducing fat

long-term gut-brain peptide secreted by adipocytes throughout body

long-term gut-brain peptide released in proportion to the level of one's fat stores thus informing the brain of the body's amount of fat

long-term gut-brain peptide whose deficiency or (much more commonly) receptor defect leads to hyperphagia (overeating) and extreme obesity

Tissue of increasinglly important source of multiple hormones influencing the body's energy balance

long-term gut-brain peptide secreted by pancreatic beta cells

long term gut-brain peptide which stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake

long-term gut-brain peptide which promotes glycogen and fat synthesis

long-term gut-brain peptide whose receptors in the brain function as an index of the body's fat stores

long-term gut-brain peptide having the weaker effect on appetite

Important brain center for appetite regulation whcih contains receptors for short-term (PYY, Ghrelin, CCK) ang long-term (Leptin, Insulin) gut-brain peptides

Secretions of the two neural networks of the arcuate nucleus

arcuate nucleus sectretion which is stimulated by ghrelin

Arcuate nucleus secretion which stimulates appetite

Arcuate nucleus secretion which inhibits appetite

Arcuate nucleus secretion inhibited by PYY, insulin, leptin

arcuate nucleus secretion which is stimulated by leptin

long-term gut-brain peptide which stimulates melanocortin secretion and inhibits endocannabinoids

appetite stimulants named for their resemblance tohe tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) of marijuana

gastric peristalsis which begins after the stomach is emptied and increases over time creating a growing desire to eat w/out affecting the amount of food desired, and continuing even when nervous connections are severed and conscious perception is removed

brief appetite satiety can occur via these (3) mechanichal means

factor which provides lasting satiation

Neurotransmitter which governs the appetite for carbohydrate nutrients

Neurotransmitter which governs the appetite for fatty class of nutrients

Neurotransmitter which governs the appetite for protein class of nutrients

The amount of heat that will raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C

One thousand calories

What do calories/Calories measure?

"Empty Calories"

A chemical which is oxidized solely or primarily to extract the energy needed to make ATP and provided energy for physiological processes

Any ingested chemical which is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of teh body

Six major classes of nutrients

macronutrients (4-body requires relatively large quantities)

micronutrients (2--body requires only small quantities)

a liberal but safe amount of daily intake of a nutrient that would meet the nutritional needs of most healthy people (as recommened by the National Research Council and National Academy of Sciences)

Year in which RDAs were first developed

Result of consuming less than the RDA of a nutrient

Term for nutrients which cannot by synthesized by the body

Types of essential nutrients

Amount of carbohydrate in a well-nourished adult

Amount of carbohydrate in a well-nourished adult which is in the form of muscle glycogen

Amount of carbohydrate in a well-nourished adult which is in the form of liver glycogen

Amount of carbohydrate in a well-nourished adult which is in the form of blood glucose

compound which functions as the structural component of glycoproteins, glycolipids, ATP (& related nucleotides GTP, cAMP, etc.), and nucleic acids

compound which can be converted to amino acids and to fats

For which compounds do sugars function as structural components or as precursors

major function of most the body's carbohydrates

2 types of cells which rely almost exclusively on carbohydrates

major feul source (nutrient categories) from which most cells derive energy

hypoglycemia

effect of hypoglycemia on nervous system

2 compounds which play the major role in the careful regulation of glucose

The body's reserve of this compound is used when blood glucose concentration drops too low

potential result of depleted glycogen stores

routine activities which deplete glycogen

result of excess carbohydrate consumption above the body's needs

result of dramatically reduced carbohydrate diets

calorie content of 4 major food categories

RDA fo carbohydrates

daily glucose consumption by the brain

% of dietary calories which most americans get from carboyhdrates

percent of dietary calories required by a highly active person

average American sugar consumption 1 century ago

average American sugar consumption today

sugar content of a 12 oz non-diet soda

Three principal forms of dietary carbohydrates

the only nutritionally significant polysaccharide

polysaccharides which are NOT nutritionally significant

3 major dietary disaccharides

3 monosaccharides (which arise mainly from digetion of starch and disaccharides

fructose and galactose (monosaccharides) are converted by the small intestine and liver into this

ultimate product of all carbohydrate digestion

only monosaccharide found in the blood (in significant quantities)

term for glucose found in blood

normal concentration of glucose in (peripheral venous) blood

a measure of the effect of a dietary carbohydrate on one's blood glucose (can vary from person to person, day to day, and by cooking methods)

formula for glycemic index (GI)

effect of high GI ( 70) foods (e.g. white bread, white rice, baked white potatoes, many processed breakfast cereals)

food with low GI ( 55) (which are digested more slowly and raise the CBG more gradually)

benefit of complex carbohydrate, namely starch

proportion of carbohydrates of the typical American which come from starch vs. sucrose or corn syrup