PY101 Chp 13

Because it was based on superstition in the past.

Diseases can only affect the body, not the mind.

Diagnosis involves distinguishing one illness from another

Etiology refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

A prognosis is a forecast about the probable course of an illness

• 1. Deviance - Not being part of the "Norm"
• 2. Maladaptive behavior- behavior or trait that is not adaptive
• 3. Personal Distress- an aversive, self-focused emotional reaction (e.g., anxiety, worry, discomfort)

• Axis 1. Clinical Syndromes
• Axis 2. Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation
• Axis 3. General Medical Conditions
• Axis 4. Psychosocial and Environmental problems
• Axis 5. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale

The generalized anxiety disorder is marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat.

Mood disorders are a class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical,perceptual,social, and through process

In major depressive disorder people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure

Genetic Vulnerability - evidence suggests that genetic factors influence the likelihood of developing major depression or bipolar disease

• Neurochemical factors- Correlations have been found between mood disorders and abnormal levels of two neurotransmitters in the brain: norepinephrine and serotonin
• -Low levels of serotonin appear to be a crucial factor underlying more forms of depression

• Cognitive factors- "learned helplessness"
• pessimistic explanatory style are especially vulnerable to depression
• Hopelessness theory builds on these insights by proposing a sense of hopelessness as the "final pathway" leading to depression and by incorporating additional factors that may interact with explanatory style to foster this sense of hopelessness

• Interpersonal Roots- Lack of reinforcers could understandably lead to negative emotions and depression
• Depressed people tend to be depression

Precipitating distress- The evidence available today suggests that existence of a moderately strong link between stress and the onset of mood disorders

Schizophrenic disorders encompass a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speach, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

Delusions and irrational thought, deterioration of adaptive behavior, distorted perception, and disturbed emotion

Paranoid type,Catatonic type, Disorganized type, and undifferentiated Type

Positive symptoms involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas

Negative symptoms involved behavioral deficits,such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech

Genetic vulnerability- Several converging lines of evidence indicate that some people inherit a vulnerability to schizophrenia

Neurochemical factors- Recent research has also suggested that abnormalities in neural circuits using glutamate as a neurotransmitter may play a role in schizophrenic disturbance

Structural abnormalities in the brain- Enlarged ventricles are assumed to reflect the degeneration of nearby brain tissue. It could be the consequence of schizophrenia or it could be a contributing cause of the illness

• Expressed emotion - focused on how this element of family dynamics influences the course of schizophrenic illness, after the onset of the disorder
• - it is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient

Precipitating Stress- in most theories it is assumed that stress causes schizophrenia

Anorexia nervosa involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous measure to lose weight

Bulimia nervosa involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics and excessive exercise

Highly influenced by Westerners and is mostly affecting women

Genetic vulnerability - The evidence is not strong or complete, but some people may inherit a genetic vulnerability to eatind disorders.

• Personality factors- Certain personality traits may increase vulnerability to eating disorders.
• Victims of anorexia nervosa tend to be obsessive, rigid, and emotionally, retrained
• Victims of bulimia nervosa tend to be impulsive, overly sensitive, and low in self-esteem
• Cultural factors- Thanks to this cultural milieu, many young women are dissatisfied with their weight because the societal ideals promoted by the media are unattainable for most of them

• The role of the Family- Some parents who are overly involved in their children's lives turn the normal adolescent push for independence into an unhealthy struggle
• some mothers tell their daughters "you can never be too thin'

Cognitive Factors - Many theorists emphasize the role of disturbed thinking in the etiology of eating disorders