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Falsely held beliefs in spite of contradictory evidence
Delusions
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False/distorted perception
usually auditory or visual
Hallucinations
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What are the characteristics of paranoid type of schizophrenia?
- presence of halluncinations, delusions, or both.
- no cognitive impairment, disorganized behavior, or negative symptoms
- frequent auditory hallucinations
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What are the characteristics of catatonic type of schizophrenia?
- Distrubed movement or actions
- Waxy flexibility-person can be molded to do something and they will stay in that position
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What are the characteristics of disorganized type of schizophrenia?
- disorganized thoughts, behavior, and speech
- flat or inappropriate emotional expressions
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What are the characteristics of undifferentiated schizophrenia?
mixture of positive and negative symptoms
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What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Flat affect (no/little emotion)
- Avolotion (loss of motivation/interest)
- Alogia (loss of speech)
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What are the positve symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized thoughts, speech, and behavior
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What is abnormal behavior?
- Behavior that is maladaptive and harmful (danger to self and others)
- significant impairment in social or occupational functioning
- difficulty completing daily tasks
- distress
- deviance
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How common are psychological disorders?
- about 50% experience symptoms at least once in their life
- 25% in the past year
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What is DSM-IV-TR?
- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- Book published by the American psychiatric association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders
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What are examples of biological dimension?
Genetics, brain anatomy, nervous system, age, neurotransmitters
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What are examples of psychological dimension?
personality, coping, early experiences, values, thought, cognitive processes
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What are examples of social dimension?
- (Relationships)
- family
- friends
- support systems
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WHat are examples of sociocultural dimension?
Race, religion, gender, sexual orientation
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An unpleaseant emtional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry
Anxiety
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A category of mental disorders in which significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emtions cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning
Mood Disorder
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Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.
Consciousness
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Fluctuations in bilogical processes over course of day
Circadian rhythms
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What are some examples of circadian rhythms?
- peak mental alertness and memory 9am and 9pm
- Lowest body temp-about 97 around 4 am
- peak hearing visual, taste, and smell sensitivity-3am 6pm
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What is REM sleep and how long does it last?
- Fast, active, brain waves accompanied by rapid eye movements
- The first REM episode tends to be brief, about 5-15 minutes. From the beginning of stage 1 NREM sleep through the completion of the first episode of REM sleep, about 90 minutes have elapsed.
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NREM sleep and its stages and length
- quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which REM are absent
- divided into 4 stages
- Stage 1-lasts only a few minutes-transitional stage
- Stage 2-true sleep-lasts 15-20 minutes
- Stage 3 and 4-slow-wave sleep-lasts 20-40 minutes
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Why is sleep important?
- Experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills
- sleep restriction produces impairments: concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills
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Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep
- Sleep thinking
- also called sleep mentation
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An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events
Dream
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What is the relationship between sleep and memory formation?
- strenghtens new memories and in integrating new memories with existing memories
- episodic memories: memories of personally experienced events
- procedural memories-learngin a new skill or task until it can be performed automatically
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psychoanalysis
- Founder: freud
- source of problems: unconscious drives and impulses. internal conflicts stemming from parent-child relationships
- goal: insight to source of problem, recover repressed memories of conflicts, replace defense mechanisms with more adaptive ones
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Client-centered therapy
- founder: Rogers
- source of problem: conditional acceptance; grew up with conditions of worth
- goals: assist individual recongnize his/her potential; increase self awareness and achieve self actualization
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Behavior Therapy
- founder: skinner, mary cover jones
- source of problems: maladaptive behaviors and patterns are learned
- goals: teach new skills and new funtional behavior patterns
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Cognitive therapy
- founder: Beck
- source of problems: faulty expectations and irrational beliefs
- goals: teach new ways of thinking
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
- founder: Ellis
- source of problems: distorted thinking and negative cognitive bias
- Goals: change unrealisitic beliefs and teach new ways osf perceiving situations
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Biomedical Therapy
- founder: medical model
- source of problems faulty physiological processes
- goals: treat physiological processes
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What factors influence the effectiveness of therapy?
- Therapist characterisitics
- Client characteristics
- client/therapist relationship
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How effective is therapy?
- just as effective as medication
- different therapies work for different disorders
- little to no difference in effectiveness of therapies
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