The causes of war in certain types of nation-states are... (4 slides)
1) a state's political _______.
institutions
2) its modes of ______ and _______.
production; distribution
3) the quality and origin of it's _______.
elites
4) and ___________ the _________ of it's peopke determine whether that state will be ______ or _______.
sometimes; characteristics; peaceful; belligerent
When are states considered to be "good" states?
When they are peace-loving.
How can bad states become good (peace-loving)?
By turning to liberal democracy, or socialism, or free enterprise, etc...
What does this notion go back to?
The Democratic Peace Theory
Marxists believe that part of war is _______.
economics
Who opposed Marx's theory of revolution in Russia?
Lenin.
The Marxian perspective of state and war is the orthodox Marxian doctrine in which the destruction of _______ leads to the "withering away" of ______ and elimination of _____.
capitalism; states; wars
Capitalism had problems in Europe. What were these problems and their consequences?
Over-production and capital accumulation lead to the consequence of laying people off.
State Types
From whom and when did the intellectual origins of state types come from?
John Locke in the late 17th century.
Locke believed that there was not anarchy in domestic structure, but ______.
order
This a theory of government ______ states, and of good governance ______ states/people worldwide.
within; between
What values does this theory project into International Relations?
Order, liberty, justice, and toleration.
What is needed to protect and nurture these values?
Domestic and international institutions.
Democracy and War
What two things is natural order corrupted by?
Undemocratic state leaders and out-dated policies.
What is an example of an out-dated policy?
The balance of power
What did Enlightenment Liberals believe morality was possible through? (3 things)
Reason
Creation of constitutional states
Unfettered movement of people and goods
Intellectual roots of democratic peace
One root came from ______'s Perpetual Peace.
Kant
This proposed:
A government _______ to it's people.
A ______ _____ _______ to manage the peace.
A freedom of international _____ and _______.
Confidence-buiding _______ inclduing disarmament.
answerable; League of Nations; travel; commerce; measures
This also said that democracies tend to do conduct what more peaceably, whether with other democracies or not?
affairs
Who does Kant say democracies are more peacable with?
Other democracies.
Possible definitions of Democracy
There is _______ in all democracies.
accountability
For a state to be democratic, it must have.... (4 things)
an elected legislature
an elected executive
more than one effective party in the system
an alternation of party/coalition members in government
True/False: All democracies are different, but include all of the aspects just listed.If false, why?
False. All democracies include some of these aspects.
What do Neoconservatives believe was is caused by?
dictatorship
What, unlike liberals, do Neoconservatives believe in using to bring about peace and eliminae dictatorships?
Force.
What is democracy in itself?
A remedy
What is peace?
The absence of conflicts.
Democratic Peace Theory
______ _____ have never fought a war among themselves.
Liberal democracies
True/False: Autrocracies sometimes fight other autocracies, even among similar autocratic systems.
True.
True/False: Democracies do not fight as many wars as autocracies overall, and only fight autrocracies, not each other. If false, why?
False. Democracies fight just as many wars as autocracies.
Why are pairs of states that trade with each other more less likely to go to war with each other?
The trade they would lose out on makes war too costly.
Why are states that have common IO memberships less likely to go to war with each other?
Because they have non-violent means to resolve their conflicts.
How does becoming a member of the international community make democracies unable to act unilaterally?
Democracies accept many treaties, and woud have to consider other states.
When it comes to information, how do democracies avoid the security dilemma?
By having public debates that reveal their true intentions.
How do institutions prevent elected leaders from making careless decisions?
Elected leaders will lose office if they lose wars.
What are three examples of domestic politics approaches? ( things)
Classical Marxian theories
Dependency theories
Interplay between politics and economics
In a dependency, one side is dependent on the other. Who gets taken advantage of, and through what means?
The weaker side gets taken advantage of through trade.
What does dependency create?
Tension and conflict.
What four things are important to domestic politics?
Actors ( IO's, NGO's, etc.)
Issues (trade, environment)
Principles (human rights)
Power basis (cooperation and techonology to solve global problems)
An explanation of WWI
True/False: Each great power knew the war would be long and arduous.
Fasle. They thought the war would be short and vicotorious.
What effect would strengthen the state?
The rally' round the flag effect.
True/False: War would bring to light other problems.
False. It would divert them.
Austria had no _____; secessionists abound.
unity
What dictated foreign policy in Austria?
Domestic politics (maintaining unity)
What country had a relative decline vis-á-vis (in relation to) Germany, Russia, and the U.S.?
Britain.
What was a source of France's unstable political system?
Electoral reform.
France had 3 years of compulsory ________ service, and a fragmented, polarized multi-party system with ever-changing _______.
coalitions
What two conflicts had Russia dealt with?
Russia lost a war with Japan in 1904, and had a revolution at home in 1905.
What had led to social dislocation?
Economic development (industrial revolution)
What was the German government afraid of?
The proletariat
Factors of Domestic Level Analysis
What factors should be considered in the Domestic Level of analysis? (3 things)
Ideology, economics, and political culture.
Who dismisses ideology as a factor?
Realists
Why do realists dismiss ideology?
People are influenced by power, not ideas.
What does a popular ideology constrain?
What you can and can't do.
What do realists believe is the only really important question?
Whether or not something effects policy.
Regime Types
What kind of regime rules by the citizenry?
A Democratic one
How is an authoritarian regime ruled?
It's ruled by an elite group that uses repressive means to stay in power.
True/ False: In an authritarian regime, the state will ignore the actions of individuals. If false, why?
False. The state will generally ignore them, unless the action is perceived as a direct challenge to the state.
By what means do autoritarian regimes maintain themselves?
By means of secret police
What was disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, regulation of free discussion and criticism, and widespread use of terror tactics?
Propaganda.
How is a totalitarian regime ruled?
The state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior.
Totalitarian regimes mobilize entire ______ in support of the ______ and a ______ ideology.
populations; state; political
What are totalitarian regimes intolerant of?
Activities by individuals or secondary associations that are not directed towards the state's goals.
Questions about Ideology
Define ideology.
A comprehensive and logically ordered set of beliefs about the nature of people, institutions and the roles of government.
True/False: It is people, not an ideology itself, that changes, and that therefore change the ideology. If false, why?
True.
What questions are asked about ideology? (4 questions)
Is it transformative?
Does it seek expansion? Will it be resisted?
Can it co-exist with non-believers?
List the ideologies. (7 things)
Marxism
Lenin's Variant
Nazism
Franquism
Pan-Arabism
Democracy as "the end of history"
Anarchism
Bureaucratic Forces according to Max Weber
Define bureaucracies.
A rational, hierarchical organizations in which power flows from the top downward.
What are decisions based on?
Logical reasoning and data analysis.
In bureaucracies, there is a divison of ________, chain of ________, formal _______, apoliticial (definition), advancement based upon ________, and bureaucrats are salaried by ________ institutions.
Some scholars might say that the foreign policy is a _______ characteristic.
cultural
The cultural characteristic is defined by the historical ______ of the state, the ______ or _______ traditions, the _______ and _______ nature of the state itself.
legacy; religious; social; economic; geographic
What might explain the US intervention in Iraq as a function of the missionary quality of U.S. foreign policy?
State level of analysis.
The US is compelled by the nature of its _______ _______ and its belief that some day all _______ will be like the _________.
political system; states; U.S.
The job of U.S. ________ ________ is not done until all states are _________ and all nations have _______ market economies.
foreign policy; democratic; free
Liberalism is a ______ level theory
state
Conduct of liberal states
It is for ________ in the world, not just ________.
cooperation; rivalry
States just don't compete or worry about _______.
power
States try to build a more _______ world order.
just
States try to create _________ international law.
enforceable
States are ________ forces for _______ justice.
progressive; social
It draws on history of _______- ______ cooperation.
USSR-US
Neo-liberalism is an offshoot of liberalism
_______ influence the behavior of states.
institutions
True/False: Neo-liberals focus on the roles of NGO's. If false, why?
False. IGO's.
In the _________ world neoliberalism is often coupled with _________.
developed; Thatcherism
What did those grow up in opposition of?
Keynesiasm.
What is neo-liberalism given the name of?
Globalization.
By correcting _________ liberalism and connecting with _________ liberalism, liberalism tries to make _____ easier between nations easier.
earlier; classical; trade
Neoliberalism uses ______ movement of goods, resources and enterprises in a bid to find cheaper _________, to maximize _______ and _________.
freer; resources; profits; efficiency
Also removes various controls deems as barriers to free trade, such as: (4 things)
Tariffs
Regulations
Certain standard laws, legislation and regulatory measures
