-
What is the purpose of the TATA box
It is the promoter region for transcription initiation
-
What are causes of increased EDV
- Volume overload:
- renal failure
- CHF
- saline infusion
-
How do anal suppositories avoid 1st pass hepatic metabolism
via entering the inferior and middle rectal veins which then enter systemic circulation
-
What is Ergonvine
Ergot alkaloid that constricts vascular smooth muscle via alpha and 5HT receptors
-
Side effect of cholestyramine
Increases hepatic production of TG and VLDL
-
How does ASD present on ausculation
wide splitting of S2 without variation upon inspiration
-
Lightning neuro effects
- peripheral nerve damage
- seizures
- confusion
- respiratory arrest
- autonomic dysfunction
-
What is this:
Fibrocalcific parietal pleura plaques in posterolateral midlung zones and over diaphragm
Asbestosis
-
Psammoma bodies in a brain lesion
meningioma- arises from arachnoid villi
-
Vitamin B 12 deficiency in spinal cord
- Subacute combined degeneration:
- Dorsal column
- lateral corticospinal tract
- Peripheral axons
-
Acute tubular necrosis during the recovery stage
Decreased K+, Mg+ PO4-, Ca2+
-
What are Councilman bodies
Apoptotic hepatocytic that shrink
-
What is a cause of enterococcal endocarditis in the elderly
cytoscopy
-
What does the H. Influenza capsule contain
polyribosyl-ribital- phosphate
-
What does the posterior descending artery suppl
The diaphragmatic surface of the heart
-
Quervain thyroiditis presentation
- thyrotoxicosis
- tenderness over thyroid gland
- increased ESR
- decreased radioactive iodine
-
In the lungs where is the goblet cell absent
IN bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles
-
Findings of Diastolic HF
- nromal ejection fraction
- normal ventricular volume
- increased LVEDP
-
How does pulmonary embolism present with regards to pH and gas levels
hypoxemia with respiratory alkalosis
-
Side effect of Isoniazid
- Hepatotoxicity
- hepatitis with fever, anorexia and nausea
-
Confidence interval
Mena +/- 1.96 (SD/square root of n)
-
Why is methadone used for heroin addicts
Long half life which leads to no withdrawal symptoms
-
What is the ragged red fibers in mitochondrial disease
abnormal mitochondria that has accumulated under the sarcolemma
-
How does hydrocephalus in the infant lead to hypertonicity and hyperreflexia
Stretching of the periventricular pyramidal tracts
-
How does vagus nerve increase the work of breathing
Ach -> M3 receptors -> bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion
-
Where do intestinal carcinoids come from
They come from enterochromaffin cells
-
Pompe disease
- a-1,4 glucosidase deficiency that leads to:
- hepatomegaly
- abnormal glycogen in the lysosomes
- no hypoglycemia
- hypotonia
-
CMV special
= herpes virus = envelope comes from the nuclear membrane
-
Essential tremor
- Difficulty holding position
- better with alcohol
TX: B blockrs
-
What is rhinovirus
- picornovirus = naked ss + RNA
- + RNA = mRNA -> replication and protein synthesis in host cell
-
Caspofungin
echinocandin which blocks glucan synthesis of the cell wall
-
Signs of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome
- Eczema
- recurrent infection
- thrombocytopenia
-
What is the antidote for doxorubicin
Dexrazoxane -> to treat the radical formation injury leading to dilated cardiomyopathy
-
What is characteristic of tuberculoid leprosy
strong CD4+ T lymphocyte reaction
-
Which one of these does not belong
glucose-6-phosphate
Maltose-6-phosphate
galactose-6-phosphate
glucose-1-phosphate
F-1-phosphate
- Fructose-1-phosphate
- It does not have to be metabolized by PFK 1 (slows down)
-
Cheyne stokes
- cyclic breathing with apnea
- seen in CHF and neurological situations
-
What controls sensation of pain in the anterior tongue
mandibular nerve of CNV
-
AML stain
the Auer rods will stain peroxidase
-
Schizoaffective
- First schizophrenia
- then presents with mood disorder symptoms that last at least 2 weeks at a time
-
Propionyl-CoA to methlymalonyl CoA
Propionyl CoA carboxylase
-
Clozapine side effects
agranulocytosis and seizures
-
GLUT 4
- on muscle and fat
- responds to insulin
- carrier mediated transport
-
How does morphine work in relation to K+
increases K efflux -> hyperpolarization
-
What are the two segmented viruses
-
What is paraneoplastic syndrome
The tumor cell product leads to autoimmune disorder
-
coccidioides immitus structure
spherule with endospores in the body
-
Phenelzine
- MAO inhibitor for depressed
- Leads to tyramine crisis when patient eats cheese or wine
-
Meclizine and dimenhydrinate
- H1 receptor blockers for motion sickness
- Also have antimuscarinic effects
-
Acyclovir activation
- thymidine kinase -> monophosphate
- then phosphorylated into triphosphate nucleotide
-
Mitral stenosis and stroke
Atrial enlargement leads to the development of mural thrombus
-
Rifampin as prophylaxis
To those exposed to H. influenzae and N. meningitidis
-
Fatty acid oxidation pro and con in stable angina
- Creates the most ATP
- but uses the most O2
-
P450 inducers
- carbamazaepine
- phenobarbital
- phenytoin
- Rifampin
- Griseofulvin
-
T cell ALL most likely to present with
a mediastinal mass that can lead to dyspnea, dysphagia
-
Hemochromatosis in the liver
Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
-
IAA in atria
amyloid deposits in the atria form atrial natriuretic peptide
-
MEN thyroid cancer
- From calcitonin C secreting cells ->
- Medullary thyroid cancer:
- uniform polygonal or spindle shaped cells with extracellular amyloid deposit
-
Death in pituitary apoplexy
ACTH deficiency that leads to adrenocotical insufficiency
-
CMV descriptor
enveloped dsDNA
-
Abetalipoproteinemia
- Vill tip (intestinal mucosa) with clear cytoplasm
- steatorrhea
-
COX 2
inducible via inflammation 72Kd weight enzyme
-
Dipthteria toxin and exotoxin A of pseudomonas
Ribosylate EF2 which leads to no protein synthesis
-
SVC syndrome
- dyspnea
- cough
- swelling of face, neck and upper extremity
- headaches via increased ICP
-
BRCA 1
tumor suppressor gene that allwos for DNA repair
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