unit 2 123

anterior chest are that cover heart and great vessels 

backward slightly 

forward slightly 

• superior vena cava
• R atrium 
• Tricuspid vavle
• R ventricle 
• Pulmonary artery to lung

• Pulmonary veins 
• L atrium
• Mitral valve 
• L ventricle 
• Aortic valve
• Aorta
• Body

• left and right coronary arteries 
• LCA
• RCA
• During diastole, pressure must be 60 mmHg

• DUB
• relaxation of Ventricles---Filling phase 
• S2
• close of semilunar valves--aortic & pulmonic valves

• LUB
• ventricle contraction--pumping phase into systemic & pulonary systems 
• S1
• closing of AV valves---mitral & tricuspid valves

pacemaker--initiates electric impulse 

cardiac muscle fibers in wall of r-atrium, receives heartbeat impulse from SA node, directs to wall of ventricle 

Bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that conducts the electrical impulse that regulate the heartbeat

locate in inner ventricle wall of heart, myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical impulse that enables the heart to contract

PQRST

• P wave-atrial stimulation
• SA 60-100 times a min

QRS complex 

T wave

• 4-7 liters/min
• HRxSV

number of times the ventricle contracts per min

amout of blood ejected by left ventricle during systole

• End of diastole--degree of stretch-the more the heart if filled the more forcefully it contracts
• INCREASE blood pressue on right side of heart

• resistance the ventricles must overcome to pump out blood
• The pressure of the body system in relation to the pressure needed for heart to pump against body pressure

blood goes to body

goes to lung 

bring unoxygenated blood to lungs from heart

bring O2 blood to heart through mitral valve to ventricle

right artrial pressure-reflects the amount of blood returning to heart

left side congestion-pulmonary edema-prevents blood from returning to heart to go to lungs-creates pooling in extremities and organs in abdomen (liver)

back flow of blood back to ventrical due to poor function of mitral valve "Murmur"

• causes left ventricle muscle to get thick and stiff 
• causes S4 sound 

valve not functioning properly which leads to ulcer 

dry, at toe, poor circulation, wound edges defined round

right side heart failure, back up pressure and flow from body  returning to heart 

clot from veins in the leg that can travel heart 

blockage or removal of lymph node that causes fluid to build  up and is perminent 

• filters blood, removes extra fluid
• travels to venous system then to heart 

• in elbow goes from hand to armpit
• ulscer or edema below elbow if problem with node

• SA to AV node systole 
• squeeze blood down into ventricle 

• blood comes into ventrical at filling stage
• diastole
• HR to fast you may not see T wave--means low blood supply---no O2 getting to heart muscle=low CO=low BP

• Low O2
• low blood supply to ALL organs including heart muscle 

• Gallops
• passive filling phase during DIASTOLE into noncompliant ventricle 

• Pathologic
• may be heard with advanced age due to stiffened ventricle

• Both S3 and S4 sounds 
• severe heart failure

• 1=faint
• 2=soft
• 3=moderate
• 4=loud
• 5=very loud
• 6=stethoscope off chest

inflammation of pericardial membrane

early systole, stiff deformed valve, high pitched, apex diaphragm

Immediately after S2 stenotic mitral or tricuspid valve recoild during diastole

Pump freshly oxygenated blood to all of body 

Darins deoxygenated blood from body 

mostly in legs return blood back to heart 

• great-inner thigh
• small-outer calf 

Retrieves excess fluid from tissue and returns it to blood stream 

dumpes in right subclavical vein right side of body

drains rest of body into subclavian vein

• Filter the fluid befor it is returned to the blood stream 
• filters out micoorganisms 

drain the head and neck

drains hand and lower arm

in groin lower extremities ect.

destroys old RBC, produces antibodies, store RBC, filter micro's

developes T lymphocytes 

ankle-brachial index 0.90 or less=peripherial arterial disease 

white blue red color of hands 

High protien swelling of limb, builds up in interstital space 

• 1=mild pitting 
• 2=moderate pitting 
• 3=deep pitting 
• 4=very deep pitting

include ratial and ulnar arteries

• Epigastric 
• Umbilical
• Hypogastic-Suprapubic

Liver gallbladder duodenum right kidney ascending and transverse colon

stomach spleen left kidney transverse and descending colon 

cecum appendix right ovary right ureter

descending colon sigmoid colon left ovary left ureter 

bruit over aorta renal arteries iliac arteries and femoral arteries 

6-12cm

deep palpation of organs 

• rebound tenderness 
• push finger straight into gut and c if pt has pain

penis and scrotum

• testes 
• epididymis 
• vas deferens 

• 14yo start 
• smooth rubbery
• white men @ hight risk
• T=timing once a month
• S=shower-warm water relaxes scrotal sac
• E=examine-report changes immediately 

non desending testicle 

• divided in two strucural parts
• Central and Peripheral nervouse systems 

brain and spinal cord 

• 12 cranial nerves
• 31 spinal nerves 

Basic structures for receiving and sending signals 

recieve signals 

send signals 

space between axon and dendrite

• largest part of brain
• 2 hemispheres 
• 4 lobes Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

conceptualization, motot ability and judgment, thought process, emotion, personality behaviors

Interpretation of sensory info, ability to recognize body parts 

Memory storage, integration of auditory stimuli

Visual center 

• base of back of brain
• balance and cordination
• controls skeletal muscle & voluntary movement 

relay station for the nervous system, sorts out impulses and directs then to the cerbral cortex 

• maintains homeostasis by controlling vital functions
• temp, HR, BP, pituitary regulator, emotions