A&P-7

Supports superior portion of bridge of nose
Attatched to cartilages of distal protion of nose

Form part of medial wall of orbit

Form posterior portion of hard palate and contribute to floor of each orbit

Contribute to rim and lateral wall of orbit
Form part of cheekbone

Support upper teeth
Form inferior rim, lateral margins of external nares, upper jaw, and most of hard palate

Create turbulence in air entering nasal cavity
Increase surface area to promote warming and humidification of incoming air.

Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum

Forms lower jaw

Forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits
Frontal sinuses secrete mucus that helps flush nasal cavities

Forms part of floor of cranium
Unites facial and cranial bones
Acts as crossbridge to strengthen skull

Forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity, and part of nasal septum and medial orbit wall

Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of cranium

Contriubtes to posterior, lateral, and inferior surfaces of cranium

Helps stabilize vertebrae of neck

Form part of lateral wall of cranium
Articulate with facial bones and form aarticulations with mandible
Surround and protect sense organs of inner ear
Attachment site for muscles closing jaw and moving head

-Attachment for muscles that rotate or extend head

-Attached to ligaments supporting hyoid bone and tendons of several muscles

Forms anterior, superior portion of craniumProvides surface for attachment for facial muscles

Support upper and lower teeth in mandible and maxillae

Attachment site for several facial muscles

Posterior, inferior corner of lower jaw

Articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

Ends at tympanic membrane

Convex, irregular surface bordering squamous suture

Mark attachment of temporalis muscle

Variable in size and appearance

Recess that supports/protects pituitary glandBony wall called sella turcica

Encloses structures of inner ear and auditory ossicles in middle ear

Medial surface of petrous portion of temporal boneCarries blood vessels and nerves to inner earConveys facial nerve to stylomastoid foramen

Lateral base of occipital condyle to inner surface of occipital bone near foramen magnumHypoglossal nerves pass through

Jagged slit between sphenoid and petrous portion of temporal boneContains cartilage and small arteries for inner cranium

Passage of nerves for jaws

Passage of carotid artery

Between occipital and temporal bonePassage of jugular vein

Posterior to base of styloid processPassage of facial nerve to facial muscles

Connects cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Inferior surface of temporal boneArticulation site with mandible

Articulation sites for first vertebra

Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments that stabilize head with neck vertebrae

Ridge that anchors blood vessels and membranes that stabilize brain

Passage of optic nerves from eyes to brain

Extend horizontally anterior to sella turcica

Extend laterallyForm part of cranial floor and posterior wall of orbit

Saddle-shaped enclosure

Depression within sella turcicaOccupied by pituitary gland

Foramen spinosum (to orbit)
Foramen ovale (to jaws and face)
Foramen rotundum (to face)
Superior orbital fissure (to cranial cavity membranes

Forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavityOlfactory foramina permit passage of olfactory nerves for sense of smell

Bony ridge that projects superior to cribiform plateAttachment of falx cerebri, which stabilizes brain

Interconnected air cells that connect to nasal cavity

Superior nasal conchae (projections)
Middle nasal conchae (projections

Forms part of nasal septum

Forms posterior portion of hard palate and contributes to floor of each orbit

Forms posterior part of hard palate

Contains eye
Formed by seven bones of the orbital complex
1. Frontal (roof)
2. Zygomatic (lateral wall)
3. Maxilla (most of floor)
4. Lacrimal (medial wall)
5. Ethmoid (medial wall)
6. Sphenoid (posterior wall)
7. Palatine (posterior wall)

Shallow depression in frontal boneLacrimal (tear) gland location

Thickening of frontal bone to help protect eye

Passage of blood vessels to eyebrow, eyelids, and frontal sinusesAlso occurs as supra-orbital foramen when fully enclosed

Groove along anterior, lateral surface of lacrimal boneLocation of lacrimal sacLeads to nasolacrimal canal

Formed by maxilla and lacrimal boneProtects lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct (carries tears to nasal cavity)

Passage of major sensory nerve that reaches brain through foramen rotundum

Bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses (secretions flush nasal cavities)
Paranasal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses

Lighten skull and provide area of mucous epithelium

Superior wal
lFronta
lSphenoid
Ethmoid

Lateral walls
Maxillae
Lacrimal bones
Ethmoid
Inferior nasal conchae

Articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint

Insertion point for temporalis muscle

Depression that separates condylar and coronoid processes

Supports lower teeth

Horizontal portion of bone

Ascending part that begins at mandibular angle

Insertion of mylohyoid muscle (supports mouth floor)

Passageway for blood vessels and nerves that service the lower teeth

Supports larynxAttachment site for muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue

Help support larynxAttachment point for tongue muscles

Attachment point for hyoid and laryngeal ligaments

In middle ear within petrous portion of temporal boneConduct sound wave vibrations from tympanic membrane to hearing receptors of inner ear

Large fibrous areas between cranial bones of infants and small childrenEase passage of head through birth canalAllow for cranial growth to keep pace with brain growth and later fetal stagesOver time, fontanelles are replaced with suturesOccipital, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles disappear a month or two after birthAll fontanelles replaced before age 5 when brain stops growing

Consists of 26 bones (24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx)Average adult length is 71 cm (28 in.)FunctionsProvides a column of support to bear weight of head, neck, and trunkTransfers weight to lower limbsProtects spinal columnHelps maintain upright positionVertebral regions (defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae)Cervical (7 vertebrae)Thoracic (12 vertebrae)Lumbar (5 vertebrae)SacralCoccygeal

Extend superiorly and inferiorly to articulate with adjacent vertebraeHave smooth, concave surface (articular facet)

Transfers weight along vertebral column axis

Spinous process (projects posteriorly)Laminae (form “roof” of vertebral foramen)Transverse processes (project laterally)Pedicles (form sides of vertebral arch)

Formed by vertebral body and arch

Pads of fibrous cartilage found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Spaces between successive pediclesPassage of nerves and blood vessels

Encloses spinal cord

One capital letter designator according to regionExamples: C, T, L, S, and CoSubscript number designates relative position within regionExample: C3 = 3rd cervical vertebra