Chapter 13 Review

The brain and spinal cord make up the __________________, and the cranial nerves and spinal nerves make up the ____________________

The ___________ is surrounded by three meninges and conveys sensory and motor info

The filum terminal (a strand of fibrous tissue), originates at the _________ _____________ and ultimately beomes a part of the _________ ___________

Spinal nerves are mixed nervous, meaning

The _________ ________ provide physical stability and shock absorption for neural tissues of the spinal cord

The _______ ________ surround the brain

The __________ _________ covers the spinal cord; inferiorly, it tapers into the ________ ___________

THe _______ ___________ separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal

Interior to the inner suraface of the dura mater are the _________ _____________, the _________ __________, and the ___________ __________.

The subarachnoid space contains ________ _______

___________ acts as a shock absorber and a diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

The ________ _______, a meshwork of elastic and collogen fibers, is the innermost meningeal layer

________ ________ extend from the pia mater to the dura mater

________ ____________ is the region of integration and command initiation

________ ____________ carries info from place to place

THe white matter of the spinal cord contains ________ and _____________ axons

Gray matter contains 

The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called 

The ________ ________ horns contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

nuclie in the ________ _________ horns function in somatic motor control

The _______ _________ horns contain visceral motor neurons

The _________ __________ contain axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other

The _______ ________ can be devided into six columns each of which contain tracts

_________ ___________ relay info from the spinal cord to the brain

____________ ___________ carry info from the brain to the spinal cord

Spinal nerves form ___________ that are named according to their level of emergence from the vertebral canal

There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves

Each pair of spinal nerves has an ________, _________, and _________

A typic spinal nerve has a __________ ,_________, ____________, and a ___________

Each pair of nerves monitors a region of the body surface called a 

A conplex, interwoven network of nerves is a 

The four large plexuses are the

________ __________ are functional groups of interconnected neurons

The neural circuit patterns are 

_______ are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli

A _____ ______ involves sensory fibers delivering info to the CNS, and motor fibers carrying commands to the effectors via the PNS

The ____ _______ is the neural "wiring" of a single reflex

The five steps involved ina neural reflex are

Reflexes are classified according to 

_____ _______ result from the genetically determined connections that form between neurons during development

_______ _______ are learned and typically are more complex

_____ _______ control skeletal muscles

______ __________ control the activies of other systems

IN a _____ __________, a sensory neeuron synapses directly on a motor neuron, which acts as the processing center

In a ________ _____, which has at least one ineterneuron between the sensory afferent and the motor efferent, there is a longer delay between stimulus and response

Relfexes processed in the brain are

In a _____ _______, the important interconnections and processing events occur in th spinal cord

____ _________ vary in complexity

_________ ____________ have many segments interact to produce a coordinated motor response

The _____ _______ (such as the patellar or knee-jerk reflex) is amonosynaptic reflex that automatically regulates skeletal muscle length and muscle tone. 

The sensory receptors involved in a stretch reflex are 

A ______ ________ maintains one's normal upright posture

The______ _______ ( which monitors the tension produced during muscular contractions and prevents damge to tendons) and the _______ ________ (which move affected portions of the body away from a source of stimulation) are examples of what kind of relfex

The _____ ______ is a withdrawal reflex affecting the muscles of a limb

The ____ _______ _______ complements withdrawal reflexes

All polysynaptic reflexes...

The brain can affect what type of reflex?

The brain can _______ or ________ reflex motor patterns based in the spinal cord

Facilitation can produce an enhancement of spinal reflexes known as

Spinal reflexes may also be inhibited as when the ______ _______ in adults replaces the _______ ______ in infants