psyc 2301 ch 7

mental representations of objects and events that are not physically present

• measures ones spatial abilities
• males are better at this

believes men don't have an advantage concerning all types of spacial skills bc women were gathers

• engaging in categorization
• places objects, events, and situations into mental categories
• formal and natural concepts

consists of categories based on formally taught inclusion criteria

• consists of categories that are created bases upon you experiences with the world
• also called fuzzy concepts
• only use prototype and exemplers with natural concepts

single best example of a category

consist of a few good examples that represent a natural concept

• trial & error
• algorithms
• heuristics
• insight

• trying things our until you solve the problem
• time consuming and not effective

• systematic (nonrandom) rules that allow you to come to the correct solution
• ie: long division, reading tv manual

• mental short cuts
• how we solve most problems
• availability & representativeness heuristics

• predict the likelihood of an event
• can involve personal experiences, doesn't mean you are always accurate

• estimates the likelihood of an event by seeing how well it fits our expectations
• fast and accurate

• concerns the sudden realization of the correct answer
• riddles often require insight

• measure of ones potential
• what they can learn
• IQ test designed to measure this

• measure of ones acquired knowledge
• what have they learned
• ie: exams

• designed first intelligence test called Simon-Binet test
• measured memory, attention to detail, and simple reasoning
• did not include math and reading bc originally these tests were designed to measure aptitude not achievement
• designed to identify children who needed help learning

• created by Stanford University
• introduced to idea of creating and intelligence quotient (IQ)

mental age / chronological age x 100 = IQ

• created b David Wechsler
• test specifically for adults
• included...
• -verbal proficiency
• -spatial ability
• -logical thinking

• 85-115 average intelligence
• below 85 below average
• above 115 above average

• IQ tests are supposed to measure aptitute but actually measure achievement
• common IQ tests define IQ too narrowly
• cultural biases can influence IQ scores
• based on book smarts

• changed the way we see the SAT by helping student study for it and improve which was said not possible
• proving its a measure of achievement, not aptitute

• argued three types of intelligences
• -analytical or book smarts
• -creative intelligence or ability to think outside of box
• -proactical or street smarts
• those with high analytical are thought to pocess the other two

• linguistic
• logical-mathematical
• musical
• bodily-kinesthetic
• spatial
• inter-personal
• intra-personal
• naturalistic

concerns one's speaking and reading skills

concerns one's mathematical and generally reasoning skills

concerns one's ability to create, produce and understand music

concerns one's ability to make you body do things

includes the skills associated with mental rotation, spatial location, and spatial navigation

concerns skills associated with understanding nature in general

• concerns understanding the thoughts and feelings of others
• high in interpersonal intelligence=people person

concerns understanding one's own inner thoughts and feelings

when you are reminded of a negative sterotype associated with your group, you are more likely to perform in line with that stereotype

• argued that you are afraid that you will live up to the negative stereotype and as a result become highly anxious
• with increased anxiety your performance suffers

• must have symbolic representation
• it must show evidence of syntax

consists of the representation of objects or events via the use of words, letters symbols or sounds

• consists of the grammar rules we use to create and infinite number of meaningful phrases
• ie: subject, verb, object (dog bits man)
• only humans use syntax