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mental images
mental representations of objects and events that are not physically present
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mental rotation
- measures ones spatial abilities
- males are better at this
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Irwin Silverman
believes men don't have an advantage concerning all types of spacial skills bc women were gathers
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creating concepts
- engaging in categorization
- places objects, events, and situations into mental categories
- formal and natural concepts
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formal concepts
consists of categories based on formally taught inclusion criteria
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natural concepts
- consists of categories that are created bases upon you experiences with the world
- also called fuzzy concepts
- only use prototype and exemplers with natural concepts
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prototype
single best example of a category
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exemplers
consist of a few good examples that represent a natural concept
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problem solving methods
- trial & error
- algorithms
- heuristics
- insight
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trial and error
- trying things our until you solve the problem
- time consuming and not effective
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algorithms
- systematic (nonrandom) rules that allow you to come to the correct solution
- ie: long division, reading tv manual
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heuristics
- mental short cuts
- how we solve most problems
- availability & representativeness heuristics
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availability heuristics
- predict the likelihood of an event
- can involve personal experiences, doesn't mean you are always accurate
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representativeness heuristics
- estimates the likelihood of an event by seeing how well it fits our expectations
- fast and accurate
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insight
- concerns the sudden realization of the correct answer
- riddles often require insight
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aptitude
- measure of ones potential
- what they can learn
- IQ test designed to measure this
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achievement
- measure of ones acquired knowledge
- what have they learned
- ie: exams
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Alfred Binet
- designed first intelligence test called Simon-Binet test
- measured memory, attention to detail, and simple reasoning
- did not include math and reading bc originally these tests were designed to measure aptitude not achievement
- designed to identify children who needed help learning
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The Stanford-Binet test
- created by Stanford University
- introduced to idea of creating and intelligence quotient (IQ)
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IQ
mental age / chronological age x 100 = IQ
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (1955)
- created b David Wechsler
- test specifically for adults
- included...
- -verbal proficiency
- -spatial ability
- -logical thinking
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IQ test
- 85-115 average intelligence
- below 85 below average
- above 115 above average
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3 problems with IQ tests
- IQ tests are supposed to measure aptitute but actually measure achievement
- common IQ tests define IQ too narrowly
- cultural biases can influence IQ scores
- based on book smarts
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Stanley Kaplan
- changed the way we see the SAT by helping student study for it and improve which was said not possible
- proving its a measure of achievement, not aptitute
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Robert Sternberg
- argued three types of intelligences
- -analytical or book smarts
- -creative intelligence or ability to think outside of box
- -proactical or street smarts
- those with high analytical are thought to pocess the other two
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Gardners 8 different kinds of intelligence
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- musical
- bodily-kinesthetic
- spatial
- inter-personal
- intra-personal
- naturalistic
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linguistic intelligence
concerns one's speaking and reading skills
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logical-mathematical intelligence
concerns one's mathematical and generally reasoning skills
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musical intelligence
concerns one's ability to create, produce and understand music
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bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
concerns one's ability to make you body do things
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spatial intelligence
includes the skills associated with mental rotation, spatial location, and spatial navigation
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naturalistic intelligence
concerns skills associated with understanding nature in general
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interpersonal intelligence
- concerns understanding the thoughts and feelings of others
- high in interpersonal intelligence=people person
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intrapersonal intelligence
concerns understanding one's own inner thoughts and feelings
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sterotype threat
when you are reminded of a negative sterotype associated with your group, you are more likely to perform in line with that stereotype
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Claude Steele
- argued that you are afraid that you will live up to the negative stereotype and as a result become highly anxious
- with increased anxiety your performance suffers
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2 man pieces of language criteria
- must have symbolic representation
- it must show evidence of syntax
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symbolic representation
consists of the representation of objects or events via the use of words, letters symbols or sounds
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syntax
- consists of the grammar rules we use to create and infinite number of meaningful phrases
- ie: subject, verb, object (dog bits man)
- only humans use syntax
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