Drugs and Society

• Cocain from the leaves of the coca plant
• nicotine from tobacco plant leaves
• caffeine from coffe bush berries (beas) tea leaves and cola nuts

• release of adrenaline (epinephrine) into the blood from adrenal glands
• increased release of norepinephrine at autonomic synapses
• increased heart rate blood pressure and breathing rate
• sweating dry mouth and idalated pupils
• insomina and decreased appetite
• high doses can lead to jaw clenching and teeth grinding

• increased alertness and attention
• elevated mood confidence self-esteem even euphoria
• high doses can lead to irritability restlessness and in extreme cases baranoid thoughts and psychoses

increasing synaptic levels of dopamine and morepinephrine in the cenral nervous system

the body's energy reserves are depleted

an in ability to feel pleasuer (anhedonia), lack of energy (anergia) and intese craving can initiate another binge cycle

• on the slopes of the andes mountains
• SOUTH AMERICA

cocain was isolated from the leafe of the coca bush in 1859 and cocain hydrochloride was added to many patent medicines and elixirs

• red wine laced with cocaine
• endorsed by thomas edison and president william mckinley

coca-cola contained 5 milligrams of cocaine

when cocain hydrochloride is converted to freebase cocain it lowers the vaporization point to 8 degrees celcius and makes the drug smokable using glass pipes and lighters.

using simple household products such as bakin soda water and heat to precipitate crystals called crack

because cocain is metabolized very quickly by the body its peak effects last for about 40 minutes or less

• cocain is the only naturally occurring topical anesthetic that also constricts local blood vessels
• used to numb the nose eye or throat during surgery

• when users turn to downer like alcohol valium or heroin to ease the intense irritation and restlessness causes by binge use.
• of particualr concern is the formation of cocaethylene a byproduct formed by the liver when very high levels of both alcohol and cocain are present in the blood

procaine has numbing effects similar to cocain byt it does not cross the blood brain barrier.

• very rapid heart beat
• chest pain
• hyperventilation
• accompanied by a feelin of impending death.

• cardiac arrest
• sezure
• stroke
• respiratory failure
• severe hyperthermia

• can cause stroke
• heart damage is caused by reduced blood flow to hear muscles

• smoking cocaine is delivered to the brain faster
• smoking is more socially acceptable
• sold in smaller more affordable units
• poor neighborhoods became saturated with crack houses

are synthetic stimulants whose effects can last 4-6 hours

• d,l amphetamine (adderall)
• dextroamphetamine (dexedrine)
• methamphetamine (methedrin)
• dextromethamhetamine

1887 by a german chemist trying to produce an adrenaline substitute

in the 1930s to treat asthma

WWII by american british german and japanese soldiers

6 - 8

• increased heart rate respiration and blood pressure
• deplete in energy supplies after extended use
• prolonged use leads to lethargy depression and paranoia hallucinations and other effects
• used by secually active people but extened use results in a diminished sex drive
• binges or runs produce high energy followed by a crash

• detoxification
• initial astinence
• long-term abstinence
• recovery

are stimulant drugs that are chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines

• the most widely used amphetamine congener
• it is most often prescribed for ADHD

• ADHD combined type
• ADHD  predominantly inattentive type
• ADHD  predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type

• inattention to details
• difficulty sustaining attention
• doesn't follow through on tasks

• often blurts out answers
• interupts or intrudes on others
• has difficulty awaiting a turn

• often fidgets or squirms
• leaves seat runs about
• talks excessively
• has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities

• 3 - 7
• boys - girls

increase synaptic levels of dopamine and norepinephrine thus improving the ability to focus attention which also reduces anxiety and hyperactivity

• methylphenidate (ritalin)
• d-amphetamine (adderall)

turkey and arabia to europe

is the most popular stimulant in the world

headache and sleepiness

blocking the receptors for adenosine a natural brain chemical that causes drwsiness

• 200mg
• 200mg
• 300mg

christopher columbus

• 1mg
• 4.5mg

after only a few hours of smoking

• headaches
• irritability
• craving

neurotransmitter balance: endorphins, dopamne and acetylcholine

• constricts blood vessels
• raises heart rate
• depresses appetite
• produces a mild euphoria
• deadens senses

atherosclerosis with is the hardening and narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart

• 85
• 75

gum disease and increases rates of throat mouth and esophageal cancer