-
Degeneration of brain orexin neurons causes narcolepsy.t or f
True
-
Which of the following is true of histamine?
Waking is increased by infusion of histamine into the basal forebrain.
-
A single cycle of non-REM/REM sleep lasts about
90 minutes.
-
Narcolepsy is a considered to be a neurological disorder in that
narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.
-
REM sleep facilitates the consolidation of non-declarative memory. t or f
True
-
Secretion of orexin within the _______ produces ______.
REM-OFF area; wakefulness
-
A person whose brain waves contain high-amplitude delta waves is most likely
in either stage 3 or 4 of slow-wave sleep.
-
Healthy subjects who spent six weeks resting in bed exhibited
no change in REM or slow-wave sleep patterns.
-
The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.
theta
-
Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to
produce insomnia.
-
Night terrors are most likely to occur during
stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
-
The neurons that turn off REM sleep are located in the
ventrolateral PAG.
-
Noradrenergic agonist drugs produce arousal and decrease sleep.
True
-
A full day of tourist activities at Disneyland would be expected to
increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
-
The neurons that turn on REM sleep are located in the
pons
-
________ is a sleep disorder that involves a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood during sleep.
Sleep apnea
-
The rebound phenomenon noted after deprivation of REM sleep suggests that
there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.
-
An electro-oculogram measures
eye movements.
-
Sleep stages 1–4 are termed ________, whereas stages 3–4 are referred to as ________.
non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep
-
Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that
-
Sleep stages 3 and 4 are characterized by delta activity.
True
-
Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?
Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness.
-
Which of the following is not a disorder of slow-wave sleep?
cataplexy
-
The primary symptom of narcolepsy is
sleeping at inappropriate times.
-
The major disorder suffered by Michael, the subject of the chapter prologue, was
narcolepsy.
-
Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by
changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
-
Signs of cortical arousal in the EEG are reduced by
acetylcholine antagonists.
-
The high presence of
delta waves in normally active brain areas suggests that the primary
function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to
rest the brain.
-
A serious issue associated with sleeping medications is that
the use of sleeping pills can lead to daytime grogginess.
-
The ________ brain wave pattern has a characteristic frequency of ________.
theta; 3.5–7.5 Hz
-
Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
sleepwalking
-
Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)
adenosine antagonist.
-
Insomnia is defined
in relation to a person's particular need for sleep.
-
Narcolepsy in dogs is
produced by a mutation of the hypocretin gene.
-
A person who exhibits sudden paralysis while remaining conscious may be suffering from
an episode of cataplexy.
-
Sleep stages 3 and 4 are also called
slow-wave sleep.
-
Which of the following is true of the sleep cycle during a night of sleep?
As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
-
The firing rates of cells within the locus coeruleus
decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.
-
The vlPOA is key region for the initiation of sleep.
True
-
Microdialysis studies indicate that cortical beta wave activity is related to its levels of ________ within the ________.
acetylcholine; frontal cortex
-
Which of the following is absent during REM sleep?
EEG synchrony
-
The cell bodies of most serotonin neurons are located within the
raphe nuclei.
-
Sleep is a behavior.
True
-
Cataplexy may be brought on by
strong emotions or physical exertion.
-
Disruption of the hypocretin gene produces symptoms of narcolepsy.
True
-
The appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record is an indicator of
paradoxical sleep.
-
The notion that sleep or wakefulness is regulated by a substance that circulates within the blood is
unlikely, given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.
-
Activation of adenosine receptors may increase sleep by
inhibition of neurons that normally inhibit the vlPOA.
-
The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to
permit the brain to rest.
-
A primary effect of sleep deprivation in humans is
perceptual distortions.
-
Administration of a(n) ________ would be expected to promote sleep.
adenosine agonist
-
The primary symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is(are)
the ability of a person to move during REM sleep.
-
The metabolism of glycogen increases the brain levels of ________, which in turn promotes ________.
adenosine; slow-wave sleep
-
An example of ________ is a person who dreams while lying awake, but is temporarily paralyzed.
hypnagogic hallucinations
-
According to Saper, mutual inhibition of the vlPOA by cells of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei may result in
the alternation between sleep and waking states.
-
Signs of cortical arousal in the EEG are induced by
acetylcholine agonists.
-
Somnambulism is synonymous with
sleepwalking.
-
Hypocretin neurons are active during ________ but inactive during ________.
normal waking; sleep
-
The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13–30 Hz), low-amplitude waves.
beta
-
Activation of ________ cells within the ________ produces arousal and reduced sleep.
noradrenergic; locus coeruleus
-
The key symptom of narcolepsy is
an attack of sleep during the day.
-
Sleep attacks are effectively treated by drugs that
catecholamines
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