Psych exam

Identity, Reversibility, Compensation, Math operations, Negation (sarcasm)Class Inclusion, Relations between objects, Temporal-Spacial Relations, Seriation

Occurs when individuals adjust to newinformation

 According to Piaget, young children believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.          

            According to Piaget, this occurs when individuals incorporate new information into their existing knowledge.

Parten’s theory that play that involves socialinteraction with little or no organization.

A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity.

            The focusing of mental resources associated with the Sensory Register of the Information Processing Theory of Memory.

According to Baurmind’s theory, restrictive punitive style, with firm limits and controls on child and little verbal exchange with  child.

                  According to Baurmind’s theory, parents encourage independence but place limits and controls on child's behavior.

                  According to Piaget’s theory of moral development, the child  becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

 The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development           

                                   This Piagetian concept represent the child’s first abilities to understand that an object can change its appearance without changing its basic nature, for example, a ball of clay is till the same clay even it is changed into a rabbit.

This Piagetian concept represents the child’s first abilities to understand how things work together to cause a certain action for example, if you push the button, the light will turn on.

                               This individual was a French psychologist who invented the first usable test to predict which children would benefit from public education. Essentially this test was adapted into the IQ test.

    A theory of language development that describes increasing MLU from 1 MLU at 12 months to around 4 MLU at 3 ½ years.

    According to Piaget, young children focus attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. 

                  The sequence in which the greatest growth occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size and weight and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

This is a way individuals organize and make sense of information in STM. One is illustrated when someone remembers the separate numbers 1   8   1   2   1   7   7   6 as the dates 1812 and 1776.

: The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. 

         In Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's  appearance does not change its basic properties.

Combines sensorimotor and repetitive activities with symbolic representation of ideas.

 The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, laws, or conventions held by others such as parents or the laws of society. 

Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.

 According to Parten’s theory, combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas.

The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

   Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is  characteristic of creativity.

 A category of learning disabilities that involves a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.

 The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's (salient feature of the first substage of preoperational thought). Piaget used a the "Three Mountain Task," to test this.

   A form of close relationship that involves enjoyment, acceptance, trust, respect, mutual assistance, confiding, understanding, and spontaneity.

    This theory of intelligence states that intelligence is not one cluster of abilities, but several leading to multiple "intelligences" as opposed to a general intelligence factor among correlated abilities. Since 1999, Gardner has identified eight intelligences: linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Gardner is still considering a ninth, existential intelligence

 Having above‑average intelligence (an IQ of 120 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.

  Piaget’s first stage of moral development in which justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

was originally enacted by Congress in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriate public education, just like other children.  The law has been revised many times over the years.

  The concept that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. The social and psychological dimension of being male or female.

   Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it memory is conceptualized to process like information in a computer.

 The third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychsocial development.

     Developed by Terman, a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

   Problem‑solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life.

 Self‑disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

    Piaget's second substage of preoperational thought—a child begins to reason primitively.

 Disadvantaged condition that consists of three components: average or above average IQ level paired with significant difficulty in school‑related area; and exclusion of other disorders (i.e., emotional, sensory, and neurological).

  The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.

 A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.

 A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

  Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

  The smallest semantic unit or meaningful unit in a language.

    A style of parenting, according to Baurind’s theory,  in which the parent is uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self‑control.

  A symmetrical distribution with most cases falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

  According to Parten, Play in which the child watches other children play.

 In Piaget's theory, internalized sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically. Operations are absent in Pre-operations and develops fully in Concrete Operations.

 Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher‑order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system during concrete operations; the grouping or arranging of items into categories.

   According to Parten, child plays separately from others, perhaps mimicking others' play.

 The sound system of a language. Phoneme: The smallest unit of sound in a language.

The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.

  Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports. 

 The appropriate use of language in different contexts.

  The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment and takes the self into consideration to the exclusion of others.

 Piaget’s second stage occurs roughly between the ages two and seven. Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period. Piaget noted that children in this stage do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people, which he termed egocentrism.

 The child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.

 The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

 The concept researched by Brown to describe the ability to combine sentences within each other. Interestingly, the older the child the more likely he/she is to say more in less space (i.e., older children can use the word “can’t” meaning “cannot.”

This represents a way to consciously keep information in STM or Working Memory. It is illustrated by mentally repeating the information over and over to one’s self. For example continually repeating, “a loaf of bread, a container of milk, and stick of butter” to yourself.

 that actions can be reversed. An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. For example, a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a dog, and that a dog is an animal.

 The meaning of words and sentences.

  Children’s thinking and reasoning at this age is called semilogical because their logical reasoning is limited. Three-, four-, and five-year-olds are unable to keep in mind more than one relationship at a time.

 A stage in the information processing theory that describes how people attend to, sort, and code incoming data through the senses.

 According to Piaget, the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length).

 The memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal.

The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law.

   Involves social interaction with peers.

 Play in which the child plays alone and independently of others according to Baumrind’s theory.

 Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which a child can mentally represent an object that is not present.

The way words are combined to form acceptable phases and sentences.

This theory of intelligence consists of three areas of intelligence: analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

 He is best known as the inventor of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and the initiator of the longitudinal study of children with high IQs called the Genetic Studies of Genius.

  According to Parten, a child might stand in one spot or performs random movements that do not seem to have a goal.

 This individual published an IQ test 1939 and was designed to measure both verbal and non-verbal aspects of intellectual performance.

  Closely related to short‑term memory but places more emphasis on mental activity; refers to a kind of "workbench" area where the brain can manipulate and assemble information—making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language