Latin Exam 2

• subordinate clauses that stand in some case relationship to the main verb
• ex. serving as the direct object(accusative) or subject(nominative)
• They act like a noun, an are similar to substantive adjectives
• Introduced by ut, quin, quod, ne, ni, and ne non
• Usually in the subjunctive
• After verbs of ordering (imperio), urging (adhortor), seeking (tendo), permitting (concedere), hindering (officio), deciding (constituere), attempting (temptare), striving (laboro), wishing (opto), fearing (vereor), or happening (accido)
• The action often seems in complete without the clause. ex. "I order them..." (to do what"
• Sometimes accusative + infinitive
• Follow rules for the sequence of tenses
• Caesar imperavit eis ne hoc facerent. "Caesar ordered them not to do this."

• Used as nouns.
• Cupio ne venias. "I desire that you not come." "I don't want you to come."
• Laborabat ut ex urbe discederet. "He was trying to depart from the city."

• Usually in the nominative case
• Quod = because or which (relative)
• Often comes at the beginnig of a sentence.
• Quod homines colloquimur inter nos praestamus feris. "The fact that we humans speak to each other causes us to excel beasts"
• Verb mainly in teh indicative

Subject accusative and infinitive

• Composed of two parts: protasis (the thing set up beforehand) and apodosis (the thing that comes from/the thing that results)
• Protasis - if clause - subordinate to the apodosis - then clause
• The protasis introduced by si, sin = si non, nisi, etiam, si, estsi, tametsi, tamenetsi, or any relative pronoun
• Has 3 main types

• The fulfillment of the condition is open - nothing is implied about its truthfulness or accuracy
• indicative in protasis, indicative in apodosis
• Future or Future Perfect tense
• Almost always in the 2nd person
• Si vales, bene est.
• Si feceris id, magnum habebo gratiam

• Shows a supposition which may not be fulfilled - likely but not certain
• Present or Perfect Subjunctive in protasis, and usually also in apodosis
• Si vir bonus habeat hanc vim, hac vi non utatur

• Implies a situation which is contrary to known facts - unfulfilled
• Imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive in protasis and imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive in apodosis
• Imperfect in both protasis and apodosis (Present Contrary to Fact) "si servi mei metuerunt, domm relinquendam putarem"
• Pluperfect in both protasis and apodosis (Past Contrary to Fact) "si ibi te esse scissem, ad te ipse venissem"
• Imperfect and Pluperfect mixed "nisi ante Roma profectus esses, nunc eam certe relinqueres"

• Are subordinate clauses.
• Cum + indicative = "when" in time - no cause. Cum adve nit, laeti era mus. cum temporal and circumstantial clause: (When he arrived, we were happy.)
• Cum + subjunctive = "since/when" = b/c. cum causal clause: Cum adveni ret, laeti era mus. (Because/Since he arrived, we were happy.)
• Cum + subjunctive = "although" concessive main clause has "tomen". cum concessive clause: Cum adveni ret, laeti tamen era mus. (Even though/although he arrived, we were happy [anyway].)
• Temporal cum clause introduced by cum or ubi

• Future More Vivid - future perfect indicative - future indicative
• Future Less Vivid - Present subjunctive - future/present subjunctive
• Present Simple - present indicative - present indicative
• Present Contrary to Fact - imperfect subjunctive - imperfect subjunctive
• Past Simple - past indicative - past indicative
• Past Contrary to Fact - pluperfect subjunctive - pluperfect subjunctive

• Where conjunctions are omitted from a series of related clauses.
• veni, vidi, vici "I came, I saw, I conquered"

• Two words linked by a conjugation to express a single complex idea.
• Two for one and figure of twinnes

A sentence with three clearly defined parts - usually independent clauses and of increasing power.

• Present - present stem(2pp) + o,s,t,mus,tis,nt
• Imperfect - present stem(2pp) + bam,bas,bat,bamus,batis,bant
• Future - (1&2) presnt stem + bo,bis,bit,bimus,bitis,bunt (3,4&3i) present stem(2pp) + am,es,et,emus,etis,ent
• Perfect - 3pp + i,isti,it,imus,istis,erunt
• Pluperfect - 3pp + eram,eras,erat,eramus,eratis,erant
• Future Perfect - 3pp + ero,eris,erimus,eritis,erint

• Present - present stem(2pp) + or,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur
• Imperfect - present stem(2pp) + bar,baris,batur,bamur,batur,bantur
• Future - presnt stem + bor,beris,bitur,bimur,bimini,buntur
• Perfect - p + (s) tus,a,um (p)ti,ae,a + sum,es,est,sumus,estis,sunt
• Pluperfect - p + (s) tus,a,um (p)ti,ae,a + eram,eras,erat,eramus,eratis,erant
• Future Perfect - p + (s) tus,a,um (p)ti,ae,a + ero,eris,erimus,eritis,erunt

• Present - present stem(2pp) + 1(e),2(ea),3(a),4/3i(ia) + m,s,t,mus,tis,nt [She Reads a Diary]
• Imperfect - present active infinitive(2pp) + m,s,t,mus,tis,nt
• Perfect - perfect active stem(3pp) + eri + m,s,t,mus,tis,nt
• Pluperfect - perfect active infinitive(3pp) + m,s,t,mus,tis,nt [isse]

• Present - present stem(2pp) + 1(e),2(ea),3(a),4/3i(ia) + r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur [She Reads a Diary]
• Imperfect - present active infinitive(2pp) + r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur
• Perfect - perfect passive participle(4pp) + present active subjunctive of sum (sim,sis,sit,simus,sitis,sint)
• Pluperfect - perfect passive participle(4pp) + imperfect active subjunctive of sum (essem,esses,esset,essemus,essetis,essent)

• Present - 4pp stem + ur + 2d noun endings (loving)
• Future - 4pp stem + ur + 2d noun endings (being about to love)

Perfect - 4pp stem + 1/2d noun endings (having been loved)

• Feminine
• Nominative - a/ae
• Genitative - ae/arum
• Dative - ae/is
• Accusative - am/as
• Ablative - a/is

• Masculine (Neuter)
• Nominative - us(um)/i(a)
• Genitative - i/orum
• Dative - o/is
• Accusative - um/os(a)
• Ablative - o/is

• Masculine & Feminine (Neuter)
• Nominative - "/es(a)
• Genitative - is/um
• Dative - i/ibus
• Accusative - em(")/es(a)
• Ablative - e/ibus

• Masculine (Neuter)
• Nominative - us(u)/us(ua)
• Genitative - us/uum
• Dative - ui(u)/ibus
• Accusative - um(u)/us(ua)
• Ablative - u/ibus

• Feminine
• Nominative - es/es
• Genitative - ei/erum
• Dative - ei/ebus
• Accusative - em/es
• Ablative - e/ebus