Psychology Chapter 6

an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal

push you toward or away from some object or activity

pull you in a certain direction

an unlearned inherited fixed pattern of behavior

• human behavior by a variety of instincts
• problems with McDougall's approach: don't explain behavior just name them
• most behaviors are learned or shaped by experience

the tendency to keep psychological systems internally balanced by adjusting them in response to change

the idea that an imbalance in homeostasis creates a psychological need, which produces a drive that motivates the organism to satisfy the need

a theory that states individuals perform best when maintaining an intermediate level of sensory stimulation

a theory propsoing that any stimulus that you think has either positive or negative outcomes for you will become an incentive for your behavior

a positive or negative stimulus in the environment that attracts or repels you

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

the desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or the threats of punishment

• Maslow's ladder of human needs in which more basic psychological and safety needs must be satisfied before you are motivated to satisfy higher-level psychological needs
• first two levels are physical, second two are psychological
• with these levels Maslow believed you were moticated by a desire to overcome your feelings of being deprived of some kind of physical or psychological need

three major control systems for hunger and eating are the bloodstream, the stomach, and the brain

sight or small of food

...plays a role in how much and what you eat

• worray about and control how much food they eat
• diet frequently, but struggle with "forbidden" yet desirable food, expecially if stressed

not concerned about what they eat

• a level of body weight that the body works to maintain 
• genetic number of fat cells can influence your weight

the excessive acculmulation of body fat

an eating disorder in which a person weighs less that 85% of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat

an eating disorder in which a person engages in recurrent episdoes of binge eating followed by drastic measure to remove food calories from the body

...10 times more in women than men

• avoid fad diets
• avoid exposure to tempting food cues
• eat "big" and healthy foods
• exercise regularly
• eat sensibly and slowly
• reduce television viewing and computer time
• be realistic and moderate

• the need to interact with others and be socially acceptable
• a.k.a the need for affiliations
• spend 75% of our waking time with other people

• stress, anxiety, decreased physical health all accompany rejection
• studies show area of brain that controls physical pain lights up when someone is rejected

• a desire to overcome obstacles and meeet high standards of excellence
• a.k.a the need for achievement

• desire to succeed
• fear of failure

a positive or negative feeling state that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior

• produces the body's reactions associated with emotions
• fight or flight

• caused by the parasympathetic nervous system
• known as passing out

a theory that emotion-provoking events induce specific physiological changes in the autonomic nervous system that your brain automatically interprets specific emotions

a theory that emotion-provoking events simultaneously induce both physiological responses and subjective (personal perspective) states that are labeled as emotions

• a theory that experiencing an emotion is often baes on becoming physilogically aroused and then attaching a cognitive label to the arousal
• if others are happy you are happy
• your surroundings tell you how to define the physiological experience you are having

• Charles Darwin
• proposes that specific facial expressions trigger the subjective experience of specific emotions
• pen with lips or teeth experiment

infulenced bycollectivist or individualist cultures that encourage or discourage expression of emotions

• a normal, healthy emotion
• can get out of control: thiss is a bad idea. just leeting your anger freely go usually escalaes your feelings and your level of anger increases and your become more aggressive

• stop, slow your breathing, repeat a calming phrase
• cout it out until you chill-out

• anger usually causes you to become negative, overly dramatic, and not very logical
• work on being more positive
• crying over spilled milk doesn't bring the milk back