soc103

Increased consistently since 1970 (24M)

Dirrectly correlated (going up) 2.2 and 1M Div.  Dwn for both since 80's (Recession? Skepticism?)

• Acquaintences? 54.4%  BF, Friend, GF
• Family? 23.2%  Husband, Parents
• Strangers 22.4%

• Relative (43%)
• Aquaintences (33%)
• Stranger (24%)

• Relative (49%)
• Acquaintance (27%)
• Stranger (24%)

• Economic production (Industrial rev- home-factory)
• Socialization of children (Gov't takes over schooling)
• Care of the sick (family-> gov't with hospitals etc.)
• Recreation (Industrial revolution-> Public centered paid events)
• Control of sexuality  (Sexual revolution- Alt's to marital sex)
• Reproduction (Husband and wfe. Sex revo. Legal abortion and inrease of births to unmaried women)

Women work more and lesss chores (60's-70's less due to electronic appliances), men work less and care for children more and do more housework

A snthesis of conflict theory and social constructionist theory

Conflict theory (Marx)-->

Symbolic interactionist theory (Mead)->Social constructionism theory (Berger and Luckmann)-->

All to Critical constructionism Antonio Gramsci 1891-1937

Husband to wife and vice versa are about equal

This greatly correlates with amount of violence as a teenager (1-10 scale)

Increased greatly until 1990 (760/10,000 residents) then dropped off to 500/100,000 residents

• 1. Family is universal- hard to define because it caries from culture to culture
• 2. Finding definition of family beyond cultural variety (ppl who consider fam by- blood, maraige, adopted)
• Polygany, Polyandry (woman having more than one husband)-
• 3. Classification of families
• (Nuclear/extended)
• procreation- fam formed when first child born
• orientation- Family you grow up in

Finding definition beyond cultural variety

- a group’s approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of  some sort (the wedding) to indicate the couple’s new public status

Massachusetts, NY, New Hampshire, Vermont, Iowa, Connecticut, Washington DC

Norms to govern who is going to marry who

Marry someone within your group (incest is tabboo)

Marry someone outside your group

• Individuals and groups that influence our orientation to life from self concept to emotions attitudes and behavior-
• i.e. Family, neighborhood, religion, daycare, school, media, work

• Mate selection
• Deccent and Inheritance
• Authority
• Theory of Partriarchy

Patrillinea;, matrillineal, bilineal (see handout?)

Of, relating to, or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line.

Tracing descent through both the patriline and the matriline.

The power people consider legitimate- rightly exersisied over them

A group in which men as a group dominate women as a group; authority is then vested in males as a group (take men's last name, Friedl and Huber)

1. Early Human Period- Physical limitation by childbirth of women (Short life, nurse babies- associates them with home care while men associated with being absent hunting)

• 2. Men become more dominant/greater in prestige for their tasks- Risking their lives vs. safer woman routine
• Conclusion: Men became more dominant due to greater prestige and once dominant took over society
• 3 sources of power--> Weapons, items they trade and knowledge

• 3. Men thought of themselves as superior to women naturally
• Conclusion: try to mantain superiority, power and priveleges

• Trend- More divorced since 1970
• Four ways of measuring-
• # of amreican adults getting married v. getting divorced
• Dicorce rate
•    "Crude" Annual divorces per 1,000 people
•    "Refined" Annual divorces per 1,000 married people
• % Americans currently divorced
• % Americans ever divorced
• 3. The "where" of divorce: Geographically
• Reducing risk of divorce: 6 factors
• College (-13%)
• Religious affiliation
• Parents not divorced (-14%)
• Age 25 or over vs. under 18
• Income: Under vs. over 25k

• Family
• Neighborhood
• Religion
• Day Care
• School/Peers
• The Media
• The workplace

• College
• Religious affiliation
• Age at maraige
• Parents divroced or not
• Income
• Baby 7 months or longar after maraige (before maraige

one or both parents kill kid

• Most extensive
• Wives when kill more baby
• Fr. More over 8

killing father or mother

• Marital Murder
• Neglect
• Marital/Child beating
• Paracide
• Honor killing
• Kidnap

• Incest
• Marital Rape
• Genital Circumcision
• Forced Prostitution
• Child Pornography

• Depends on your definition of fv
• Types
• Extent in US 16% of spuses attack one another
• Equally likely to attack Hub v Wfe
• 85% injured are wivies
• Murder- 6/7

• 10%
• During breakup

• 3 types
• Battering (most), nonbattering, perverted

• 20m
• uncle, cousin, fr., brother, br. in law

A general statement about how some parts of society fit together and how they work

Auguste Comte (1798-1857 Fr.)

Robert Merton (1910-2003)- Optimist (No Manifest dysfunction)

• Manifest- intended beneficial consequences of
• peoples actions
•  
• Latent- unintended beneficial consequences of
• peoples actions
•     
• Dysfunction- harmful consequences of peoples’ action

Latent- unintended harmful consequences of peoples actions

Unintended Consequences

Intended consequences of action

Unintended consequences od peoples action

Beneficial Consequences of peoples action

• Economic Production
• Socialization of children
• Recreation
• Sexual control
• Reproduction
• Care of the aged/sick
• Reproduction

- the effects of these factors led to eroded family functions

- the more eroded family functions are, the more weakened are family bonds, the more divorces there are.

• Industrial revolution
• Expansion of state power
• Sexual revolution

• Karl Marx (1818-1883; Gr.)
• Rep of society of groups engaging in comp for scarce resources

• Struggle for power- 2 social classes that are natural enemies
• Some group always gains power and oppresses groups under it

• Bougeiosie owns means of production (surplus)
• Proletariat works for it (labor force)

-believed there would be an end of the struggle: a revolution leading to a classless and stateless society

70's; representation of society composed of power relationships between men and women

importance of patriarchy throughout history

1st type trouble experienced by the exploited i.e. poverty

• 2md type Trouble experienced by the powerful when
• the exploited react on resistance i.e. Strikes, riots, suicides

• Dictatorship of bourgeoise
• Revolution of the proletariat
• Dictatorship of proletariat
• Classless state

• Femminist Theory of Divorce
• Dictatorship of bourgeoise (some group gains top position and oppresses)- MEN due to repro labor- Men become breadwinners

Industrial rev- women take jobs and change their view of world (less dependent

Housework and childcare become a source of conflict

Wives less willing to put up with unfulfilling relationship (more divorces)

• Divorce as the consequence of eroded family finctions
• The more fam functiond eroded, hte more weak fam bonds, the more divorces there are (latent dysfunction)

George Mead (1863- 1931)

a representation of society composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning; this develops their views of the world and communication with others

A symbol includes signs gestures

• Peter Bergman (1929-today USA)
• Thomas Luckman (1927; Germany)
• Reality doesn't come with built-in meanings; we construct our realities as we apply symbols to experienced
• Social problems are "socially constructed"

• Imitation
• Play
• Team play (6-7yrs old)

• Love symbol- affection, understanding and compatibility
• Children symbol: from minurture adults to impressionalble, vulnerable and innocent beings
• Parents Symbol: Nurturing children for many more years

• Tremendous pressure on spouses creating "emotional overload" and therefore divorce
• New symbols for divorce
• Alternative Symbol "Unhappy mariages
• Divorce symbol "new start"
• Law symbol "relaxed laws"

->symbold both reflect and create reality

• Biological
• Cesare Lombroso- Criminal violence is inherited today: "genes of violence";?

• Psychological Explination- deviant personalities
• Sociological Explination- Social influences that recruit people to break the law violently

• Martin Wolfgang
• Subculture; values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larger culture

Growing up in a subculture approving of violent behavior makes you violent

• People expected to be violent (manly)
• Manliness becomes connected with willingness to be violent

• Edwin Sutherland *1883-1950
• From the different groups we associate with, we learn violence or nonviolence
• The influence of social change
• "Social hereditary of family violence" (Strauss Gelles and Steinmetz 1980)

• "Control Theory"
• -Most people are not violent because of two control systems (inner and outter) (Godfredson and Hirshi '90)

Inner; Innefective child rearing- less capable of delaying gratification, less sensitive to needs of others, less willing to hold back impulses

• Criminal violence and fears relatied to i are a way men keep patriarchy
• Learning to associate power with masculinity and submissiveness with feminity
• Gender: Behaviors and attitudes that a group considers proper for its male and female

• Alchohol and violence
• Alchoholic spouses have the highest rate of violence (Kantor and Straus 1987)

• The Milgram experiment
• Obedience to authority
• diffusion o responsibillity

• Competing explanations of violence
• Subcultures of violence
• Differential association
• Control theory
• Femeinist Theory
• Sociobiological factor
• Explaining indiference in cooperation to violence

• 1. The increase of US prison population since 70's
•   -private prisons
• 2.Explaining the increase of the us prison population
•    -Less probation, 3 strike law
• 3. Interpretting decrease in violence after 1990
• nothing conclusive, drugs, jobs, age