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leukemia is classified based on what two things
- cells of origin (lymphoid and myeloid)
- rate of progression (acute and chronic)
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difference between acute and chronic rate of progression
- acute - undifferentiated or mature cells
- chronic - cells are more differentiated but still does not function normally
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where does leukemia rank, in men and women, for 2012 estimated US cancer deaths
6th in both
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what are the four major types of leukemia
- acute lymphocytic
- acute myelogenous
- chronic lymphocytic
- chronic myelogenous
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demographics of leukemia
- adult
- men
- americans of European descent
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most common genetic translocation in leukemia
philadelphia chromosome
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environmental triggers for leukemia
- cigarette smoke
- benzene exposure
- ionizing radiation
- exposure to viruses
- drugs that suppress bone marrow function
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what does "clonal disorders" mean
one single progenitor cell undergoes malignant transformation and then that cell replicates
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pancytopenia
- caused by overcrowding - a reduction in the normal cellular components of blood
- E.g. anemia, thrombocytopenia, low levels of functional WBC's
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why are leukemias known as both proliferative and accumulation disorders
- clonal disorders
- pancytopenia
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what is philadelphia chromosome
- "reciprocal"
- long arm of chromosome 9 exchanged with the long arm of chromosome 22
- present in 95% of people with CML and also lower rates in AML and ALL
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does a single translocation cause an aggressive leukemia
usually not
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rates of leukemia are higher in what individuals (genetic)
- downs
- fanconi aplasitc anemia
- bloom syndrome
- trisomy 13
- patau syndrome
- immune seficiencies and X-linked disorders
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S&S of chronic leukemia
- lymphadenopathy
- infection
- decreased neutrophils
- bruising
- maybe asymptomatic at time of diagnosis
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S&S of acute leukemia
- fatigue
- bleeding/bruising
- fever
- weight loss
- decreased sensitivity to taste
- liver, spleen, and lymph node enlargement
- CNS involvement
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in the diagnosis of leukemia what will you see in the CBC
lymphocytosis and neutropenia
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leukemia diagnosis, what are you looking for in the peripheral blood smear
decreased RBC's
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what diagnositc test must be done for a definitive
bone marrow biopsy
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an acute, self-limiting, neoplastci lympholiferative clinical syndrom
infectious mononucleosis
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most common causative agent of infectious mononucleosis
EBV
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