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What entire system of the 3 neurons sending information called?
Neuronal Pathway or Reflex Arc
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What is a mass of neurons and glial cells?
Ganglion
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What is the central portion of Ganglion that contains only axons?
Neuropile
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What is the location of cell bodies in a Ganglion called?
Peripheral Cortex
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What three parts make up the Central Nervous System?
- Brain
- Paired Ventral Nerve Cord
- Ventral Ganglia
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What is the Primitive Condition of the 3 sections in the CNS?
1 Ganglion per segment
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What are the three parts of the Brain?
- Proctocerebrum-Top Lobe
- Deutocerebrum-Middle Lobe
- Tritocerebrum-Lobe Leading out
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What parts are found in the Protocerebrum? (3)
- Optic Lobes
- Neurosecretory Cells
- Mushroom Body-Learning
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What part is found in the Deutocerebrum?
Antennal Lobes
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What Does the Tritocerebrum do?
Leads to Ventral Nerve Cord
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What are 3 fused ganglia that innervate and control mouthparts?
Subesophageal Ganglion
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What Ganglia innervate the wing and leg muscles?
Thoracic Ganglia
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What ganglia is the smallest and innervate visceral organs?
Abdominal Ganglia
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What are the 4 parts of the Stomatogastric Nervous System?
- Brain
- Frontal Ganglion
- Hypocerebral Ganglion
- Ingluvial Ganglion
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What doe the Brain, Frontal Ganglion, Hypocerebral Ganglion and Ingluvial Ganglion each control in the Stomatogastric Nervous System?
- B-Gut Region
- F-Crop
- H-Foregut
- I-Gut Movement of Posterior Foregut and Midgut
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What is the Section of the Eye called?
Ommatidia
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What 3 Apparatus are found in the Ommatidia?
- Focusing
- Receptor
- Isolating
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What two things are found in the Focusing Apparatus
- Corneal Lens - Top
- Crystalline Cone - Middle
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What is Found in the Receptor Apparatus?
- Retinula cells- Middle Line
- Rhabdom-Inner Middle Line
- Axon- Bottom
- Rhodopsin-detects light
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What is Found in the Isolating Apparatus?
Primary and Secondary Pigment cells
-Focus Light on the Rhabdom
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What Reflects ligh back into the ommatidia and is formed by the trachea, usually found in moths?
Tapetum
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Dark adapted eyes have what, which results in what?
Clear Zone-between Crystalline Cone and Rhabdom
Results in Increased Sensitivity to light but Decrease Resolution
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What is the Color Range?
Red to Ultraviolet
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What range do most Insects See?
Yellow to Ultraviolet
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What is the Number of images that can be detected per second?
Flicker Fusion Frequency
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What is Used in Navigation
Plane of Polarization
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What are the 3 Parts to Image Formation (Mosaic theory)
Individual ommatidia contribute to overall picture
Individual Points of Light put together in brain
Image Right-side Up
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What is the Angle of light entering the ommatidium called what angle is it in insects and humans
Resolution
Insects=1 degree
Human = 1/90 degrees
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Retinula Cells detect light and send information where?
Optic lobe of Brain
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What detects and mechanical stress placed on the body and is involved in detecting position of extremities and Sensilla?
Mechanosensilla
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What Detects extremities?
Proprioceptors
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What detects Sensilla?
Bipolar neuron that is attached to cuticle
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What are the 3 basic types of Mechanosensilla, whatis there form?
Trichoid -Hair like Setae
Campaniform - Dome-Like cuticle
Chordotonal - Internal
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What Monitors stress placed on cuticle
Campanifrom Sensilla
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What is the organ of hearing and detects vibrations?
Chordotonal
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What are the 4 Different factors of Chordotonal?
- Positioned anywhere on the body
- Johnstons organ-Male Mosquito
- Subgenual organ-Below Knee grasshopper
- Tympanal Organ
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Where are the Auditory Trachea and Trachea found in subgenual organ?
- Middle Chamber
- Outside wall
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What tells the position of Joints?
Proprioceptors
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What is located on either side of methorax pointing toward the rear?
Moth Tympanum
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What is similar to Mechanosenilla, except the dendrite does not touch the cuticle?
Chemosensilla
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In Chemosensilla Receptors on the Dendrites are found where?
Bipolar Neurons
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What are some important things about chemosensilla?
- One Pore Through top of Cuticle
- Located on mouthparts tarsi and antennae
- Requires contact with food
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In Chemical Communication what is the Releaser and the Reveiever?
Source that releases chemical
Detects chemical= change in behavior
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What is the release of chemicals by an organism used as a signaling agent?
Semiochemicals
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What Semiochemicals are interspecific? What is Defensive Secretion and benefical secretion?
Allomones
Protection from Predators
Benefits sender and Receiver
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What semiochemicals are intraspecific? What is a Primer Pheromone and Releaser Pheromone?
Pheromones
Long term effect on reveivers behavior
Immediate effect on recievers behavior
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What are he 5 types of releaser pheromones? What do they do?
Sex-attract mate
Aggregation-attract both sexes
Alarm-signal predators
Trail-forms a trail
Territorial-marks a specific site
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How to identify semiochemicals?
Identify source=exocrine gland
Identify the Chemical= purify
Bioassay- lab and field
(Moth Pheromone Gland)
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What insects use Complex Chemistry, Chiral Chemistry and Blend of Chemistry?
cockroaches
bark beetle
cabbage moth
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What is the daily intervals for behavioral patterns?
Circadian Rhythm
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What Circadian Rhythm mean active during day and active during the night? (2)
Diurnal
Nocturnal
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What is the behavioral term for stereotypicall movement to an external stimuli?
Taxis
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What is used for vibration sound communication?
Hitting the substrate Stridulation or Tymbal
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What is Stridulation?
Moving cuticular suface across one another(scraper or file)
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What is a Tymbal?
Thin resilient area of cuticle attached to a muscle
Contraction and relaxation casues clicking inward and outward
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What is a Caste System
Queen-Female
Drone- Male produced parthenogenetically
Worker- All female, produced by fertilized eggs
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What Bee releases Primer Pheromones and Mandibular Gland delays worker foraging to build small combs?
Queen
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What Bee larvae produces Brood Pheromones?
Worker
Pheromone - inhibits worker ovarian development, triggers workers to cap larval cells
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Explain worker bees birth cycle
- Emerges from cell and stays in hive for 3 weeks
- 1-3 days cleaning and preparing
- 3-6 days feeding larvae older 3 days old
- 6-14 days feeding young larvae royal jelly
- 20+ days first guards and then forages
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What are the two types of Bee Dances?
Waggle -if less 100m
Round - if greater than 100m
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What are the levels of sociality
- Solitary
- Presocial
- Eusocial-true social insects -isoptera, Hymenoptera
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What are the behavioral traits of Solitary insects?
leave egss never return
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What are the Traits of Presocial? What are 2 subgroups?
Subsocial -remain with offspring after hatching
- Parasocial - aggregation of females
- 3 types-Communal -few females share nes
- Quasi-Social
- Semisocial-few females lay eggs
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What are the traits of Eusocial?
- Share nest
- Caste System
- Generation overlap
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What are the two types of Eusocial
Primitive-Repo and workers
Advanced- Caste distinguishable on sight
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What is pheromone mediated primarily by hydrocarbons?
Kin Recognition
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Feeding of Young
Tropholaxis
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History Of Social Insects
- Termites oldest
- Hymenoptera newer
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