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sum of all chemical processes in the body.
is a misture of taking energy to break food molecules down and gets energy from that and release energy
(energy exchange through out the body)
metabolism
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what are the 2 parts of metabolism
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this means to build up molecules and requires energy
anabolism
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this means to break down larger molecules into smaller building blocks and releases energy
catabolism
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synthesis means
building up
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what is on of the main anabolism four our body
protein synthesis
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proteins get broken down to amino acids is an example of
catabolism
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carbs is broken down to glucose is an example of
catabolism
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glucose is build up to glycogen is an example of
anabolism
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glycogen is the storage form of
glucose
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fats are broken dow to fatty acid and you get
glycerol
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what are the orders of source of energy
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amino acids are broken down to essential and non essential amino acids. what are the numbers
- 8 essential amino acid
- 12 non essential amino acid
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which amino acid you get from food
8 essential amino acid
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which amino acid can be made by body
12 non essential amino acid
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what are the 2 different type of proteins
- complete protein and
- incomplete protein
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proteins that contain all amino acids are called
complete proteins
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proteins from vegatables and fruits and nuts are known ast
incomplete proteins
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all animals proteins are considered
complete proteins
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Making fats is called
lipgenesis
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is the removal of amino for energy
amino group is removed to allow processin for energy this is known as
deamination
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1st step of breaking down carbs is called
glycolysis
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glycolysis is the process of breaking down of
glucose and in the end you get 2 pyrovic acid
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During glycolysis you start with 6 carbs and when you break down glucose anaerobic pathway when you get no O2 it is converted to _____ and you get 2 pyruvic acid with how many carbon
lactic acid and you end up with 3 Carbon each.
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aerobic paythway of glycolysis means
- oxygen is present.
- acetyl coenzyme A
- acetylcoA has 2 Carbon (2C)
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ATP stands for
adenosine tri phosphate
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ADP stands for
adensosine di phosphate
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Citric acid cycle aka is
Kreb's Cycle
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where does the Kreb cycle or aka citric acid acycle take place?
in the mitochondria
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what chemical enters the cycle of the kreb's cycle
acetylcoA enters cycle
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krebs cycle starts with 2C + 4 C =6 C. this is the end productc of
citric acid cycle
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which processes is where the majority of ATP is produced and where is the energy really made?
Electron transport chain (ETC)
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How many ATP do you end up with at the end of the ETC.
34-36 ATP
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the mitrochondra has 3 layers. what are the layers
- inner membrane
- intermembrance space
- outer membrane
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during the ETC process where is the H transported to
inside the mitochondria's intermembrane space
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Cytochrome transport chain is aka for
electron transport chain (ETC)
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why are they called carrier molecules
because they transport H molecule
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refers to breaking down larger molecules into their smaller components
catabolism
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refers to building up molecules
anabolism
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refers to the sum of all chemical processess
metabolism
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processes of breaking down food molecules to extract energy we use that energy to make ATP
ADP+P=ATP
cellular respiration
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what are the 3 processes of ATP
- 1. glycolysis
- 2. kreb's cycle aka citric acid cycle aka tricarboxylic acid cycle
- 3. electron transport chain aka cytrochrome transport chain
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which process of ATP splits glucose and you get 2 pyruvic acid out of it
glycolysis
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which process of ATP is where you produce CO2 and uses Acetyl CoA you get 2 Acetyl CoA and goes into the this cycle to produce ATP
- Krebs Cycle aka
- Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) aka
- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
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which processes of ATP is most effecient and makes the most ATP and CO2 is a waste product
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC) aka
- Cytrochrome Transport Chain
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fats have glyceral and fatty acid and glyceral gets converted to
fatty acid is converted to
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this process of fats from glyceral converts to Pyruvic Acid and fatty acid converts to Acetyl coA is called
Beta Oxidation
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the amino in amino acid refers to
nitrogen NH3
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what does deamination mean
to get rid of hydrogen
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what are the number of kcal/per gram for
carbs
fats
proteins
alcohol
- carbs = 4 kcal/per gram
- fats = 9 kcal/per gram
- proteins = 4 kcal/per gram
- alcohol = 7 kcal/per gram
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this term means to get rid of hydrogen
deamination
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In the ETC what are the carrier molecules
NAD and FAD
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in the ETC what molecule is being carried or transported by NAD and FAD
Hydrogen (H+)
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to much proteins becomes what waste product
urea
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burning glucose without oxygen produce
lactic acid
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glycolytic means
no oxygen same as anaerobic
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oxidation pathway of ETC or aka CAC produce how many ATP
36-38 ATP
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no oxygen or anaerobic pathyway of ETC or aka glycolitic pathway give or produce how many ATP
2 ATP
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glycolitic muscles are what type of muscles
fast twitch muscles fibers
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oxidation muscles are what type of muscles
slow twitch muscle fibers
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ballistic muscles are
glycolitic musches, fast twitch muscle
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muscles in the arms, legs, or larger muscles fatigue easily these are known as
glycolitic muscles or aka ballistic muscles
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the smaller muscles are tonic. maintains muscle tone and are most of our postural muscles like back and neck and have high edurance are called
slow twitch mucles or oxidation muscles
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what are the 2 waste product from the ETC
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oxidative phosphorylation happens in which ATP process
ETC
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what are the 3 types of fats
- saturated
- polyunsaturated (puFA)
- monounsaturated (muFA)
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this is the bad fat found in animal products, coconut, palm oil
saturated fat
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this is the healtheir fat like omega 3, omega 6, found in veg. olil, corn, soy bean oil, sunflower, etc
polyunsaturated
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this is the healthiest fat that is best to eat like olive oil, peanuts, avacadoes, canola oil
monounsaturated
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wha are the 6 different nutrients
- fats
- proteins
- carbs
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
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no food for up to 3 days is known as
fasting
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no food for more than 3 days is known as
starvation
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Fat soluable vitamins that we store are
A, D, E, K
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water soluable vitamins that we don't store and pee out which we need daily are
B , C, biotin, choline
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this vit. is key to vision, especially night vision also involved in strengthening bones
vit A
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is essential for skin, mucous membranes and is a powerful antioxidant
vit. E
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this is the only vit. that acts as a hormone. is essentional for bones, calcium absorption and is called the sunshine vitamin. Our bodies produces it in the sunlight
vit D
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is essential for blood clotting
this vit is produced by the gut bacteria in the large intestine
vit. K
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this vit. is associate with health of metabolism, skin, mucous membrane, energy, nervous system
vit B's
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folic acid is what type of vit. and is key for the nervous system and especially for development of fetal health
vit. B
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this vit. is a component of collagen
stronger in joints, ligaments, bones, and is an antioxidant and boost the immune system. it increases ion absorption and is destroyed by heat
vit. C
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term for elements that comes from the ground (earth)
minerals
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what is the most common mineral in the body
calcium
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how many minerals are all together
26
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what are the 2 categories of minerals
- trace minerals
- bulk minerals
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what mineral is involved in teeth, bones, ATP, parts of DNA, RNA, and is a buffer system in the body that balance pH in the body
phosphorus (P)
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what mineral is involved in teeth, bones, coenzymes, energ production, help relax muscles, maintain bowel function and people needs this supplement
magnesium (Mg)
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what mineral is involved in fluid balance, nerve and muscle signals which allows signal to travel throught out the body and is part of the buffer system
sodium (Na)
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which mineral is most common extra cellular
sodium (Na)
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which mineral is most common intra cellular
potassium (K)
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mineral function is blood-hemoglobin, involved in energy prodiction in the ETC
Iron (Fe++)
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mineral involved in amino acids and is part of DNA, vitamins
sulfur (S)
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mineral is part of thyroid horomone
iodine (I)
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this is a measure of how fast you process food and is measured by how quickly you absorb oxygen
metabolic rate
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what are some ways metabolic rate is measured
- heat-amount of heat you produce
- calories-amount of calories you burn
- oxygen-amount of oxygen consumed
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what does the average person burn in calories per hour
60-70
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excercise activites burns an average of how many calories per hour
200-400
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what can affect a persons metabolic rate
muscle mass, thyroid gland, growth hormones, body temp, gender, age, height, stress, food, climate
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this is known as our resting metabolic rate and is most accurate 1st thing in the morning and we burn 1200-1800 cal per day on just reg. activities
basal metabolic rate
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heat gain vs heat loss is controlled by
hypothalamus
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pyrogen is
fever producing chemical
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pyrogen is a chemical that produce fever and is controlled by
the hypothalamus
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antipyretic does what
reduces fever
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