-
what is the incidence of unipoalr affective disorder in industrialized western societies?
5%
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What is the incidence of bipolar affective disorder?
1-2%
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is there a sex difference in bipolar affective disorder?
no
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what percent of affective disorder sufferers attempt suicide?
10
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what is the concordance rate of twin stuudies for affective disorders?
- 60 - identical
- 15- fraternal
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what is the first antidepressant drug?
iproniazid.
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4 classes of antidepressants
- 1) monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- 2) tricyclic antidepressants
- 3) lithium
- 4) monamine reuptake inhibitors
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iproniazid increases the levels of ___________ by inhibiting the activity of monamine oxidase
monoamines, like serotonicn and norepinephrine
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________ is an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm
-
what is the worst side effect of MAO inhibitors?
cheese effect- foods containing tyramine raise blood pressure
-
what was the first tricyclic antidepressant?
imipramine
-
what was the first SSRI?
fluexetine, prozac
-
fewer htp transporters in
- 1) recent ecstacy users
- 2) people with ocd
- 3) people in a romantic obsessive love state
- 4) people with PTSD
-
statistics for people with fewer htp transporters
- - 20% have 2 short alleles
- -30% have mixed alleles
- -30% have 2 long alleles
- short alleles=less protein
-
reserpine is a blood pressure medecine that blocks monamines to lower bp, induces _______ in 15%
depression
-
stress and depression linked to reduced neurogenesis in
dentate gyrus
-
excercise
- 1) alleviates depression
- 2) reinstates neurogenesis
-
what percent of bipolar people attempt suicide
29%
-
success rate of lithium?
70-80 percent on mania in 2 weeks
-
schizophrenic hallucinations begin in the ____ and spread to the ______
right hemisphere auditory,spread to left hemisphere auditory
-
where does the "alien" sense in schizophrenia come from
low prefrontal cortex activity
-
positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reduced by these dopamine receptor agonists
also reduced by this dopamine storage blocker
- chlopromazine, haloperiodol
- reserpine
-
positive symptoms of schizophrenia are increased by these reuptake blockers
- amphetamine/cocaine
- L-Dopa
-
_____ binds to postsynaptic dopamine recptors; blocks dopamine activating ability
chlorpromazine
-
Phenothiazines:
chlorpromazine
-
butyrophenones:
haloperidol, spiroperiodol
-
side effect of D2 antagonists:
- tardive dyskinesia
- -uncontrolled movement due to d2receptor supersensitivity
-
an atypical neuroleptic that increases dopamine and serotonin in the PFC, and has a low affinity for d2 receptorscl
clozapine
-
problems with d2 hypothesis
- 1) atypical neuroleptics
- 2) take weeks to work
- 3) d2 does not help most patients
- 4) brain abnormalities aare more extensive than d2 receptor rich areas
-
schizophrenics display ________ at rest and during wisconsinc ard sorting task
hypofrontality
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schizophrenics display a generally decreased _____ matter, and increased size of ________
gray, ventricles
-
onset of schizophrenia:
- 75%: late teens, early 20s
- 25%:: late onset, after age 40
-
schizophrenia is possibly linked with ______ changes
hormona (lack of estrogen)
-
possible cause of schizophrenia is exposure to ______ or other viruses in the second trimester, based on the seasonality effect, and increased incidence in urban areas
influenza
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schizophrenia could be caused by a vitamin deficiency during the ____ trimester, especially this deficiency
first, thiamin
-
releasing and inhibiting hormones are released from hypothalamic neurons into the
hypothalamic pituitary portal system
-
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones influence the release of
anterior pituitary hormones
-
progesterone may increase the activity of this NT
GABA
-
estrogen facilitates.....
5HT, other monamines
-
benzodiazepines are ______ agonists; they INCREASE INHIBITION.
GABA
-
when you withdraw from benzodiazepines, you don't have enough endogenous Gaba activity, so you feel
disconnected, not realy ladeda
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______ agonists in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex prevents craving and relapse in animals
glutamate
-
wy can't we use glutamate to inhibit the reward pathway?
- all learning triggers the reward pathway
- increase glutamate=excitotoxicity
-
lower resting vmPFC activity----->
more cocaine activity
-
2 personality traits related to drug addiction
- 1) reward sensitivity
- 2) low inhibition
-
how does lithium work?
it blocks NMDA receptors (for glutamate)
-
what is a possible trigger for mania in bipolar patients?
sleep deprivation
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what percent of schizophrenia is chronic?
65
-
what percent of schizophrenic hallucinations are auditory?
70
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