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PERTUSSIS (whooping cough)
Bacterial Infection
-Key Facts
-Top 3 Signs
- KEY FACTS ABOUT PERTUSSIS:
- Highly contagious
- Infects respiratory tract
- Caused by Bordetella pertussis (most common), B. parapertussis, or B. bronchiseptica
- Transmitted by direct inhalation or through contact with articles contaminated by respiratory secretions, such as linen
- TOP 3 SIGNS OF PERTUSSIS
- 1. Spasmodic, recurrent coughing with tenacious mucus; cough ends in a loud inspiration whoop
- 2. Epistaxis during paroxysmal coughing
- 3. Exhaustion and cyanosis after coughing spell
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DIPHTHERIA
Bacterial Infection
-Key Facts
-Top 3 Signs
- KEY FACTS ABOUT DIPTHERIA:
- Highly contagious
- Toxin-mediated
- Caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
- Usually infects respiratory tract
- Rare
- TOP 3 SIGNS OF DIPHTHERIA
- 1. Thick, pathchy, grayish green membrane over pharynx, larynx, tonsils, soft palate, and nose
- 2. Sore throat, rasping cough, hoarseness
- 3. Airway obstruction
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TETANUS (lockjaw)
Bacterial Infection
-Key Facts
-Top 3 Signs
- KEY FACTS ABOUT TETANUS:
- Acute exotoxin-mediated infection
- Usually systemic
- Caused by Clostridium tetani
- Transmitted through puncture wounds, burns, or open wounds contaminated by soil, dust, or animal excreta that contains C. tetani
- TOP 3 SIGNS OF TETANUS:
- 1. Rigid neck and facial muscles
- 2. Spasm and increased muscle tone near the wound
- 3. Profuse sweating and low grade fever
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HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB) INFECTION
Bacterial Infection
-Key Facts
- KEY FACTS ABOUT H.INFLUENZAE TYPE B INFECTION
- Transmitted by direct contact with secretions or airborne droplets
- Signs and symptoms depend on presenting infections but may include generalized malaise and high fever
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DOWN SYNDROME
Altered Neurosensory Function
-Key Facts
-Key Signs
-Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis
-Conditions coexisting with Down syndrome
-Key Nursing Interventions
- KEY FACTS ABOUT DOWN SYNDROME:
- Congenital Condition
- Characterized by mental retardation and multiple associated defects
- Caused by genetic nondisjunciton resulting in three chromosomes on the 21st pair or translocaiton of chromosomes 21
- Commonly associated with congenital heart defects and other abnormalities
- KEY SIGNS OF DOWN SYNDROME:
- Brushfield's spots
- Flat, Broad forehead
- Flat nose
- Hypotonia
- Mild to Moderate retardation
- Protruding tongue
- Short stature with prudgy hands
- Simian crease
- Small head with slow brain growth
- Upward slanting eyes
- Genital and perineal abnormalities
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF DOWN SYNDROM USING AMNIOCENTESIS
- Recommended for women older than age 34, regardless of a negative family history
- Recommended for a women of any age if she or the father carries a translocated chromosome
- CONDITIONS COEXSISTING WITH DOWN SYNDROME:
- Congenital heart problems
- Vision defects
- Hypothryroidism
- Skeletal, immunologic, metabolic, biochemical, and oncologic problem
- KEY NURSING INTERVENTION FOR DOWN SYNDROME:
- Provide activities and toys appropirate for the child
- Set realistic, reachable goals
- Provide stimulation and communicate at a level appropirate to the child's mental age
- Mainstream daily routines to promote normalcy
- Encourage parents to care for, bond with, and hold their child.
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HEAD INJURY
-Causes
-Types
-Complications
-Top 3 Assessment findings
-Medications
-Key Nursing Interventions
- CAUSES OF HEAD INJURY:
- Motor vehicle-related accidents
- Child abuse
- Vigorous shaking
- Bicycle accident
- Sports accidents
- Falls
- TYPES OF HEAD INJURIES:
- Scalp laceration
- Epidural, intracranial hemorrhage
- Subdural hemorrhage
- Concussion
- Contusion
- Skull Fracture
DIDN'T FINISH CARD!!!
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HYDROCEPHALUS
-Key Facts
-Causes
-Key Signs
-Causes of communicating hydrocephalus
-Complications
-Diagnostic Test
-Types of Shunt
-Caring for a Shunt
- KEY FACTS ABOUT HYDROCEPHALUS:
- Excess CSF in ventricles and subarachnoid spaces
- Can be noncommunicating (CSF flow is blocked) or communicating (CSF absorbs abnormally)
- CAUSES OF NONCOMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS:
- Congenital anomalies
- Infection-syphilis, granulomatous disease, meningitis
- Tumor
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Blood clot after intracranial hemorrhage
- KEY SIGNS OF HYDROCEPHALUS:
- Increased head circumference
- Full, tense, bulging fontanels
- Widening suture lines
- Distended scalp veins
- Irritability or lethargy
- Decreased attention span
- High-pitched cry
- Sunset sign
- Inability to support the head
- "Cracked pot" sound
- Vomiting not related to food intake
- CAUSES OF COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS:
- Surgery to repair a myelomeningocele
- Adhesions between meninges at the base of the brain or meningeal hemorrhage
- Rarely, a tumor in the choroid plexus that causes an overproduction of CSF
- COMPLICATIONS OF HYDROCEPHALUS:
- Physical injury
- Delayed growth and development
- Decreased intracranial adaptive capacity
- DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HYDROCEPHALUS:
- Angiography
- CT scan
- MRI
- Skull transilluminaiton
- Skull X-rays
- TYPES OF SHUNTS:
- Ventriculoperitoneal-allows CSF to drain form the lateral ventricle to the peritoneal cavity
- Ventriculoatrial - drains fluid from the lateral ventricle into the right atrium of the heart and ultimately directs fluid into the venous circulation
- CARING FOR A SHUNT:
- Having the child lay flat to avoid rapid decompression
- Observe for shunt blockage and signs of increased ICP
- Observe for signs of infection
- If the shunt's caudal end is externalized, keep the CSF drainage bag at ear level to prevent ICP changes
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AMBLYOPIA (lazy eye)
-Key Facts
-Assessment findings
-Key Nursing Interventions
- KEY FACTS ABOUT AMBLYOPIA:
- Also called lazy eye
- Can lead to diplopia and vision loss
- Caused by strabismus, un equal refractive errors, cataracts, and corneal opacities
- ASSESSMENT FINDINGS IN AMBLYOPIA:
- Decreased visual acuity in the affected eye despite optical corection
- Possible central vision loss in supressed eye
- KEY NURSING INTERVETIONS FOR AMBLYOPIA:
- Provide the child with safe environment
- Review the components of a safe environment with the child and his family
- Place important objects of the side where the child has the better vision.
- Promote independence in ADL's and self-care
- Teach the child to utilize assistive devices, as necessary
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CONJUNCTIVITIS (pink eye)
-Types
-Signs
-Managing
- TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITIS:
- Infectious (bacterial or viral)
- Allergic
- Irritant
- Chemical
- SIGNS OF CONJUNCTIVITIS:
- Bacterial:
- purulent drainage
- crushed drainange over eyelid
- inflamed conjunctiva
- edamatous eyelid
- generally a bilateral infection
- Viral:
- occurrence with upper respiratory infection
- watery or serous drainage
- inflamed conjunctiva
- edamatous eyelid
- Allergic:
- Itching
- Watery or thick discharge
- Inflamed conjunctiva
- Edamatous eyelid
- Irritant:
- tearing
- pain
- inflamed conjunctiva
- generally a unilateral reaction
- Chemical:
- tearing
- possibly severe eye irritation and pain
- redness and swelling
- MANAGING CONJUNCTIVITIS:
- Topical antibaterials (bacteria and viral conjunctivitis)
- Antihistamines (allergic conjunctivitis)
- Removal of foreign body
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INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
-Causes
-How the Brain Compensates
-Complications
-Top 3 Signs in Infants
-Top 3 Signs in Children
-Managing
-How to Minimize
- CAUSES OF INCREASED ICP:
- Tumors or space-occupying lesions
- Accumulation of fluid within the ventricular system
- Bleeding or hemorrhage
- Edematous brain tissue
- Trauma
- HOW THE BRAIN COMPENSATES FOR INCREASED ICP:
- Limits blood flow to the head
- Displaces CSF into the spinal cord
- Increased CSF absroption or decreased CSF production
- COMPLICATIONS OF INCREASED ICP:
- Brain death
- Cardiac arrest
- Respiratory insufficiency or arrest
- TOP 3 SIGNS OF INCREASED ICP INFANTS:
- 1. Bulging fontanels without normal pulsations
- 2. Shrieking, high-pitched cry
- 3. Increased head circumference
- TOP 3 SIGNS OF INCREASED ICP IN CHILDREN:
- 1. Vomiting
- 2. Headache
- 3. Seizures
- MANAGING INCREASED ICP:
- Subdural tap
- Ventricular tap
- Hyperventilation via mechanical ventilation
- Medications, including antibiotics, corticosteroids, osmotic diuretics, barbiturates, and anticonvulsants
- HOW TO MINIMIZE ICP:
- Maintain the head of the bed at 15-30 degrees
- Position the child with his head midline to promote drainage of the venous system and to avoid pressure on the jugular veins
- Avoid performing Valsalva's maneuever and prevent painful stimuli.
- Provide a quiet enviroment
- Manage pain
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MENINGITIS
- KEY FACTS ABOUT MENINGITIS:
- Involves inflammation of the meninges and spina cord
- Sudden onset
- Causes serious illness within 24 hours
- Prognosi i good and complications are rare if recognizd early
- KEY FACTS ABOUT ASEPTIC MENINGITIS:
- Caused by viral infection
- Characterized by headace, fever, vomiting, and mingeal symptoms
- Cultures are negative for bacteria
- Treatment includes bed est, maintenance or fluid and electrolyte balance, analgesics, and exercise
- 10% to 15% of bacterial meningitis cas are fatal
- Common in infants and toddlers
- May result in respiratory compromise, respirtory arrest, physical injuy, or deth
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