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What are the 3 types of muscles?
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What 2 types of muscles are striated
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What 2 types of muscles have involuntary movement ?
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Which muscle type is located in the heart?
Cardiac
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Which type of muscle is located in the hollow organs?
Smooth
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Which type of muscle is connected to the skeleton?
Skeletal
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Which type of muscle is steady, increases during stress, and is fatigue resistant
Cardiac
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What type of muscle is slow, steady or sustained, and fatigue resistant?
Smooth
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What type of muscle is powerful, rapid, and fatigues easily?
Skeletal
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Which types of muscle only has 1 nuclei per cell
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What is the energy source of all the muscle types
- Aerobic
- Skeletal also has anerobic
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What 2 cells make up cardiac muscle?
Cardiocytes and cardiac myocytes
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What type of specialized cells establish a regular rate of contraction?
Pacemaker cells
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What happens at the intercalated disks of cardiac muscles?
Cell membranes of Cardiocytes are extensively intertwined
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how do the connected Cardiocytes at the intercalated discs help the cells?
Stabilizes the relative positions of adjacent cells and maintain 3d structure of the tissue/heart
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How are direct electrical connections between 2 Cardiocytes possible?
Cells are intertwined and located at the intercalated discs
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What type of cell is tapered at its ends while relaxed?
Smooth
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What type of organs are smooth muscle cells mainly associated wwith
Hollow organs
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What two types of cells have low regeneration abilities?
- Skeletal
- Cardiocytes-cardiac
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Why are skeletal cells multinucleated?
Amount of length of the proteins needed for contraction to occur
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What type of muscles produce movements of tthe body?
Skeletal
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How are muscles connected to each other?
Tendons
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What is the muscle attachment to the bone that remains fixed or stationary when an articulation is used?
Origin
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What is the muscle attachment to the bone that moves when an articulation is used
Insertion
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What is the middle, largest portion of muscle bundle called?
Body/belly
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What is the formation of bundles or wires on skeletal muscles called?
Fascicles
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What type of fascicle run along the longitudinal axis of the muscle?
Parallel
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What type of fascicle are short and attached obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle?
Pennate
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What type of fascicles are strap like sartorius of the thigh and fusiform of tthe biceps brachii examples of?
Parallel
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What type of fascicles are the unipennate, bipennates, and the multipennate examples ofz?
Pennate
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What are examples of unipennate muscle cell arrangements?
- Extensor digitorum
- Antebrachium
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What are examples of the bipennates muscle cell arrangement?
Femoris
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What are examples of multipennate muscle cell arrangement?
Deltoid muscle of acromium region
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What type of muscles cells perform flexability?
Parallel
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What type of fascicles have a broad origin and converge toward a single tendon?
Convergent
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What type of fassicles/muscles are usually triangular?
Convergent
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What is an example of a convergent muscle?
Pectoralis major
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What type of muscle are found surrounding openings which they close by contracting and open by relaxing?
Circular
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What are examples of circular muscles?
- Orbicularis oculi
- Orbicularis oris
- Pyloric sphincter
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What's another name for circular muscles
Sphincters
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What does the pattern of fascicle arrangement determine?
- Range of motion
- Power/strength
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How much do skeletal muscle cell fibers shorten when they are contracted?
70% of their relaxed length
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What does muscle power/strength depend on?
Total number of muscle cells- more cells, more strength
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What are the 4 layers of connective ttissue of a muscle?
- Fascia
- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium
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What connective tissue layer surrounds the entire muscle and seperates it from surrounding tissues and organs?
Epimysium
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What connective tissue divides the skeletal muscle into a series of compartments, each containing fascicles?
Perimysium
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What does the Perimysium contain that helps control the nervous system?
- Blood vessles
- Nerves that contain blood flow and innervate fascicles
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What does muscle contraction require?
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How do molecules enter and exit the muscles?
Blood vessels
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What type of connective tissue surrounds and connects individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium
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What type of cells are scattered between Endomysium and muscle fibers called?
Satellite cells
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What type of cells function in repair of damaged muscle tissue?
Endomysium
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What type of connective tissue allows muscles to slide agaisnt one another?
Fascia
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What do the Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium combine to form?
Tendon/ aponeurosis
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What connects skeletal muscle to skeletal muscle?
Aponeurosis
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What lies in muscle cells that run the length of the cell?
Myofibrils
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What are bundles of myofilaments called?
Myofibrils
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What are myofilaments made up of?
Protein filaments of actin aand myosin
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What are thin filaments called?
Actin
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What are thick filaments called?
Myosin
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What are smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber?
Sacromeres
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Whats responsible for muscle contraction?
Interactions between thick and thin filaments
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What do Sacromeres contain?
- Myosin
- Actin
- Proteins that stabilize the positions of thick and tthin filaments
- Proteins that regulate contraction/movement of filaments
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What causes the banded/striped appearance of a sacromere?
Differences in size, density, and distribution of thick and thin filaments
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What are the dark areas that contain myosin and portions of Actin called?
A bands
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What are the light areas that contain only Actin called
I bands
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What is the lenght of the A band?
Equal to the length of a thick filament
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What are the 3 parts of an A band?
- M line
- H zone
- Zone of overlap
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What part of the a band is that site at the middle of each thick filament where proteins connect thick filaments to each other to stabilize their positions?
M line
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What part of the a hand is only contains thick filaments and only appears when the muscle is relaxed?
H zone
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What part of the a band is where thick and thin filaments overlap?
Zone of overlap
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What part of the Sacromeres extends from the a band of one Sacromeres to the a band of the next Sacromere?
I band
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What part of the Sacromeres marks the boundary lines between Sacromeres?
Z lines
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What do z lines consist of that interconnect thin filaments of adjacent Sacromeres?
Connectin
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Where does communication between the nervous system and skeletal muscle fibers occur?
Neuromuscular junctions
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What type of neuron sends messages from the brain to individual muscles or glands?
Motor neurons
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What is another name for neuromuscular junctions?
Motor units
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What is the motor neuron and the muscle cell it innervates called?
Motor unit
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What is the minimal level of stimulation needed to contract a Myofibril called?
Threshold stimulus
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What happens once a Myofibril is stimulated?
Myofibril contracts all the way-all or none affect
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What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
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What type of muscle contraction is sustained and steady caused by a series of motor stimuil bombarding a muscle in rapid succession?
Tetanus
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What type of muscle contraction produce movement across an articulation as muscle tension increases?
Isotonic
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What type of muscular contraction does not produce movement across an articulation as muscle tension increases?
Isometric
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When is a skeletal muscle said to be fatigued?
When it can no longer contract despite continued neural stimulation
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What can muscle fatigue result on?
Gradual reduction of strength aand flexibility of skeletal muscle
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What is skeletal muscle recovery dependent on?
ATP, CP, glycogen and removal of metabolic waste
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What is the amount of oxygen needed to restore muscle homeostasis called?
Oxygen debt
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What major tissues are involved wwith oxygen debt?
Skeletal muscles and liver cells- generate ATP needed to convert excess lactic Acosta to glucose
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What are the 5 functions of the skeletal muscles?
- Movement
- Joint stability and posture
- Support ans protects soft tissue
- Regulates entrances and exits
- Regulates body temp
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what function of the skeletal muscles moves the body by stretching muscles across the bones like levers?
Movement
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What are the 3 parts of the movements of the skeletal muscles
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Synergist
- Fixator
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Which part of the movement function is mainly responsible for making a particular movement?
Agonist
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What part of the movement function are prime movers who's actions oppose that of the Agonist under contraction?
Antagonist
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What part of the movement function aids the prime mover in making a particular movement?
Synergist
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What part of the movement function stabilizes the more proximal joints during weight bearing functions.of the distal joints?
Fixator
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What function of the skeletal muscles cross over articulations aiding ligaments and holds body parts in positions that favor best and least restrictive function?
Joint stability/ posture
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What skeletal muscle function protects visceral organs and supports their weight?
Support and protects soft tissue
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What skeletal muscle function has smooth and skeletal muscles work to control the movement of materials into and out of the body?
Regulate entrances and exits
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What skeletal muscle function has heat as a by product of friction taking place during muscular contraction during exercise and shivering?
Regulate body temp
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What is muscle performance meausred by?
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what type of disorder is the inflammation of the sheath surrounding the flexor tendons of the palm?
Carpal tunnel syndrome
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What type of disorder is when ischemia resulting from accumulated blood and fluid trapped within a musculoskeletal campartment?
Compartment syndrome
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What disorder results from a serve strain or crushing injury?
Compartment syndrome
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What is a condition involving an organ or body part that produces through an abnormal opening?
Hernia
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What are the 3 types of hernias?
- Hiatal/diaphragmatic
- inguinal
- Umbilical
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What type of hernia occurs whe abdominal organs slide into the thoracic cavity
hiatal/diaphragmatic
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what type of hernia occurs when inguinal canal enlarges and abdominal contents are forced into it
inguinal
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what type of hernia occurs at the umbilicus which may lead to intestines leaving the abdominal cavity to newborns
umbilical
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what type of disorder is found in strong insecticides where organophosphates interfere with AchE ability to breakdown Ach
organophosphate poisioning
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what type of disorder leads to long, sustained skeletal muscle contractions that do not relax
organophosphate posioning
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what type of disorder is a condition in which occurs within a few hours of death
rigor mortis
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what disorder occurs because ATP is depleted, the cross bridges between actin and myosin cannot detach?
rigor mortis
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how long does rigor mortis last
15-25 hours
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what is another name for rigor mortis
stiffness of death
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what type of disorder is prolonged, involuntary, painful muscular contractions?
muscle cramps
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what are the causes of muscle cramps
- hormonal imbalance-menstrual cramps
- strenous exercise
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what type of disorder is caused by a bacterially contaminated food
botulism
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What type of disorder releases a toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine needed for contraction
botulism
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what can botulism result in
paralysis or death
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what type of disorder is an autoimmune disease in which acetylcholine receptors are destroyed resulting in a progressive paralysis
myasthenia gravis
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what type of disorder is caused by a common bacteria and only affects tissues that are low in oxygen
tetanus
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what is the incubation period of tetanus
less than 2 weeks
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what are the symptoms of tetanus
- headache
- muscle stiffness
- difficulty swallowing
- lockjaw
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what is the mortality rate of tetanus
40-60 percent
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what tye of disorder is a disease resulting from a viral destruction of motor neurons and characterized by paralysis and atrophy of motor units
polio
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what type of disorder is an abnormality in the genes that code for structural and funcitonal proteins in muscle fibers
muscular dystrophies
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what are the symptoms of muscular dystrophie
- progressive skeletal muscle weakness
- deterioration
- shallow breathing- resulting in pneumonia
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what is a detailed examination of a body after death, usually performed by a pathologist called
autopsy
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What 3 stages are autopsies performed in
- superficial exam
- internal exam
- tissue
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what stage of an autopsy observes bites, cuts, needle punctures, scars, burns, bruising, and edema
superifical
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what stage of an autopsy requires a y-incision on the anterior torso to exam internal organs for tumors clots and englargements
internal exam
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what stage of an autopsy is a microscopic viewing for cancer, infection, and blood cell counts, and fluid examination
tissue
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Why do doctors perform autopsy
- determine cause of death
- confirm the accuracy of diagnostics tests
- to assess the effectiveness of surgeries or other medical treatments
- did the patient die of a inherited disease
- was the death preventable
- detect previously undected problems
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