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what are the three perspectives when studying the relation between brain and behavioral development?
- Structural development
- Behavioral development
- Factors that infulence both Structure and Behavioral Development. Ex.- language, injury
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What are the Prenatal Stages?
- Zygote: Fertilization to 2 weeks
- Embryo: 2 to 8 weeks
- Fetus: 9 weeks to birth
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Neural Plate
Thickened region of the ectodermal layer that gives rise to the neural tube
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Neural Tube
Structure in the early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop
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Gross Development of the Human NS
Day 49-Day 60-Day 100-7 months-9 months
- Day 49: Embryo begins to resemble a miniature person
- Day 60: Sexual differentiation (Genitals and brain regions)
- Day 100: Brain looks distinctly human
- 7 Months: Gyri and sulci begin to form
- 9 Months: Brain looks like an adult brain
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Neural Stem Cell
A self-renewing multipotential cell that gives rise to neurons and glia
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Subventricular Zone
Lining of neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles in adults
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Progenitor Cell
Precursor cell derived from a stem cell; it migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell
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Neuroblast
Product of a progenitor cell that gives rise to different types of neurons.
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Glioblast
Product of a progenitor cell that gives rise to different types of glial cells
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Neurotrophic Factor
A chemical compound that acts to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons
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Neurogenesis
The mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons
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Cell Migration
The massive movements of nerve cells and their precursors to establish distinct nerve cell populations.
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Differentiation
Cells are formed into distinctive types of neurons or glial cells.
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Synaptogenesis
The establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow
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Cell Death
The selective death of many nerve cells
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Synaptic Rearrangement
The loss of some synapses and development of others, to refine synaptic connections.
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Behavioral Teratology
- Exposure to drugs or toxins during pregnancy that causes side efects on brain development
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Flame Retardants
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Neural Darwinism
Hypothesis that cell death and synaptic pruning are, like natural selection in species, the outcome of competition among neurons for connections and metabolic resources in a neural environment
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Apoptosis
Genetically programmed cell death
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Nerve growth factor (NGF)
A substance that markedly affects the growth of neurons in spinal ganglia and in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system
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Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
A protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive
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Intrinsic
Chromosomal aberrations, single gene effects, mutations
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Extrinsic
Nutrients, drugs/toxins, cell to cell interactions, neurotropic factors, neural activity, sensory-driven (experience)
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Critical period
Developmental “window” during which some event has a long-longing influence on the brain
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