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Function of Iron (Fe)
- Blood Formation
- (Fe is part of hemoglobin which is part of the RBC which is invloved in blood formation)
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What type of iron can be absorbed best?
Heme Iron
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Heme Iron can be found in
meat
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Meat is the most biologically available food source of
Iron
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enriched bread is a source of
Iron (non-heme iron)
enriched bread has little fat
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milk is a poor souce of
Fe and Vitamin C
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Absorption of iron occurs in
small intestine
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Absorption of iron
must be ferrous iron to be absorbed
change is accomplished in the presense of HCl or ascobic acid (Vitamin C)
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Factors affecting Iron Absorption
- Body's need for iron
- Ferrous iron with Vitamin C increase Fe absoprtion
- Caffeine decrease absorption
- Meal with most iron absorption
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Body's need for Iron
Large dose with decreased need = decreased absorption
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Ferrous iron with Vitamin C increase Fe absorption
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Caffeine
- from coffee, tea, cola
- decreases Fe absorption
- consume no more than 24 total ounces per day
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The meal with most iron absorption
red meat, sources of vitamin C, no caffeine
Sources of Vitamin C (starwberries and peppers)
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Woman in child bearing years
have increased Fe needs so they are at an increased risk of Fe deficient (Anemia)
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Cook foods in Fe pans/skillets
to increase Fe intake
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Iron deficiency may result from
- decreased Fe in the diet
- blood loss
- decreased absorption
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Symptoms of Anemia
- decreased red blood cells
- fatigue
- apathy
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Iodine Deficiency is what kind of desease
Goiter
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Goiter
swelling of the neck as a result of the enlargement of the thyroid gland
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decreased iodine can cause
enlargement of the thyroid gland
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The iodization of NaCl has decreased the incidence of
goiter
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Decreased Zinc = ?
Decreased taste acuity
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Hypogeusia
Decreased taste acuity
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Function of Zinc
Zinc acts in metallogenzymes
Metallogenzymes (enzyme taht contain zinc)
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Function of Selenium
- functions as antioxidant along with
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
- Beta carotene
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Function of Boron
prevents bone loss in post menopausal women
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Water soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B complex & Vitamin C
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Antioxidant
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
- Beta Carotene
- Selenium
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Functions of Vitamin C
- Collagen formation
- Facilitates the mineral(Fe)
- Antioxidant
- Helps to decrease the formation of nitrosamines
- role with cancer and common cold
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Collagen
- a cement like protein substance that binds cells together
- part of connective tissue
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Vitamin C facilitates what mineral ?
Fe to be absorded
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Vitamin C may alleviate the perceived severity of the symtoms of a cold
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Vitamin C helps to decrease the formation of nitrosamines
nitrosamines - cancer causing agents found in cured meats
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Cured meats (source of nitrosamines)
bacon, ham, polony, salami, pepperoni, sassage, scrapple, hot dog
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Food Source of Vitamin C
- Cabbage family vegetables (broccoli)
- Kale
- Peppers
- Strawberries
- Citrus
- Potatoes
- Tomatoes
- Cantalope
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Best Source of Ascrobic Acid & Beta Carotene
Fruit & Vegetables
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Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy
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Symtoms of Scurvy
- Swollen Gums
- Bruise easily
- reopening of old wounds (not enough collagen)
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Functions of Folate (Folic Acid, Folacin)
- prevents and cures megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia
- cells are inmature
- involved in blood formation
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Blood Formation
- Folate
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin B12
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FAO suggestion for Folate per day
400 ug/day
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Women in child bearing years need folate to
prevent the childhood birth defect, spina bifida
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1998, FDA mandates folate to be added to
all grain products to decrease the incidence of spina bifida
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Food Sources of Folate
Fruits and Vegetables
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macrocytic anemia (megaloblastic)
form of anemia with large cells with normal nerve functioning
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pernicious anemia
form of anemia with large cells but without normal nerve functioning
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Functions of Zinc
- reproduction
- wound healing
- affects taste (↓ zinc = ↓ taste acuity)
- growth
- acts in matalloenzymes(enzyme that contains zinc)
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Food Sources of B12
- animal origin, with meat
- roast beef, chicken, steak
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Strict vegetarians (vegan) must supplement with
B12
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When consumed in large amounts will cause toxic
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
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Functions of Vitamin B6
primarily in protein metabolism (involved in transamination and deamination)
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Requirements of Pyridoxine (B6)
Amounts are directly correlated with
Protein
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
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Fat Soluble Vitamins are affected by
- inpaired fat digestion
- bile
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Precusor of Vitamin A
Carotene (Yellow plant pigment)
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Functions of Vitamin A
- Vision - allows vision to dim light (Prevent Xeropthelmia)
- Xeropthelmia - night-blindness
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Carotene stored in
- Fat tissue & adrenal glands
- and maybe responsible for the yellowish tinge to the skin when grearter amounts are consumed and accessed or stored
Vitamin A stored in liver
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Carotenoids are phytochemicals
Which decrease the risk of heart desease and cancers
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Deeper yellow, orange and green =
increase Vitamin A and Carotene
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Deficiency of Vitamin A mostly found in
pre-school children globally (blindness)
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Deficiency of Vitamin A causes
- changes in the skin Form of Dermatities = Folliculosis
- changes in the eyes (cornea)
- night blindness
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Form of Dermatities = Folliculosis
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Examples of Deeper yellow, orange and green
- romain lettuce
- sweet potatoes
- carrot
- pumpkin
- tomatoes
- cantolope
- papaya
- mango
- peach (canned provides greater)
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Bio-technology (bio-engineer good and genetic modified food)
Golden rice
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Carotene converts to Vitamin A when
Vitamin A is in low level
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Vitamin A would be toxic if consume too much
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Citrus provide no carotene
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Precursor in the skin is converted by UV rays to make Vitamin D
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Sunshine Vitamin
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin can be made by sun
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Elderly are at an increased risk of dificiency of Vitamin D due to
- decreasing exposure to the sun
- decreasing milk intake
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Rickets is caused by
children who fail to have a good Calcium Phosphorus ratio in bone
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Adult Rickets is called
Osteomalacia
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Calcium requirements for 19-24 years old
1300mg
1000mg after age 25
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Free Radicals are formed by
- Breathing
- Pollution
- Smoking
- UV Ray exposure (15 min unprotected sun/day)
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Vitamin E as antioxidant
- Neutralizes free radicals preventing them to increase cellular damage
- Protects oxidations of fatty acid which decreases underarm odor
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Food Sources of Vitamin E
Vegetable Oils (ex. Soy Bean Oil)
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Deficiencies of Vitamin E
shows up in premature infants and in people suffering from malaabsorption (CystieFibrosis)
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Sources of Vitamin K
- Green leafy vegetables
- From the synthesis of the vitamin by intestinal bacteriaSpinach & Asparagus provides Vitamin K & Folate
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Newborns don't have the bacteria that synthesizes Vitamin K so
supplements are recommended
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what is the most sensitive indicator of Fe stores?
serum ferritin(stores iron for daily use)
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Iron must be ____________ to be absorbed?
Ferrous Iron
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Too much fiber ( above ___ g / day ) ↓ _____________ ?
nutrient ( Fe ) absorption
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Ferrous iron with __________ increase Fe absorption ?
Vitamin C
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Zinc acts in ____________ ?
mentalloenzymes
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Functions of Folate (Folic Acid, Folacin)
- prevents and cures megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia normal nerve functioning.
- cells are immature
- involved in blood formation
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Folate need ↑ when _________ ↑（during_____ & ______)
Blood volume ↑during pregnancy & lactation
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Food Sources of Folate
- Concentrated Sources:source of Vitamin B (wheat germ, liver, kidney, yeast, and mushrooms)
- Significant Sources:Fruits and Vegetables
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Functions of Cobalamin (B12)
- prevents and treats pernicious anemia without normal nerve functioning.
- cells are immature
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Precursor of Vitamin A
Carotene
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Q: which has more Vitamin A?
1. Corn vs. Sweet Potato
2. Iceberg lettuce vs. Romaine lettuce
- 1. Sweet Potato
- 2. Romaine lettuce
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Vitamin E neutralizes free radicals preventing them to increase cellular damage
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Deficiencies of Vitamin E shows up in premature infants and in people suffering from malabsorption (Cystic Fibrosis)
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