Urinary system test

Blood urea nitrogen BUN
waste producted produced in the _____ and excreted by the _____.
High values indicate poor ____ function.
Increased BUN can result from dehydration, _________, high-protein diets, and strenuous exercise.
Decreased in BUN values can result from liver _____ or damage.
Decreased in BUN  normally occur in second and ____ trimesters of pregnancy.

Creatinine
Waste product is _____ from______ breakdown.
High values with BUN may indicate ____ problems

Urinalysis
Test are semi quantitative and some variations exist from one ____ to the another on how tests are _____.

Bilirubin
Normally no ____ or orobilinogen is present in urine.
These are pigments that are cleared by the _____.
In _____ or gallbladder disease, bilirubin may appear in urine.

Blood
Normally no blood in _____.
Blood can indicate infection, _____, trauma, or ____ from a bladder or kidney tumor.
Test indicate it is hemolyzed (dissolved blood) or  ________(intact RBC).
Rarely a muscle injury cause _____ to appear in urine which causes  a _____ result

Glucose
A positive glucose occurs in ______
Small number of people with normal blood glucose have glucose in their _____.
Any glucose in urine would raise possibility of ______ or glucose intolerance

Leukocyte esterase
Normally negative.
Leukocytes are WBCs or pus cells.
Wbc in urine suggest urinary treact ____

Nitrate
Normally negative.
Usually indicate _____ tract infection

pH
Measures ____ acidity

Protein
Normally no ____ detectable
Presence of protein indicates kidney damage, _____ in the urine or an infection.
Cerain diseases require more sensitive test for protein called _____ micro albumin to screen for early damage to kidneys.

Sediment
Microscope exam of  ____ that is spun in centrifuge.
Mucous and squamous cells are _____ seen

Specific gravity SG
measures how diluted _____ is.
Water would have SG of 1
Most urine I'd 1.010 but varies depending on ______levels of patient.