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Thiazides
- -drug used to treat mild congestive heart failure
- -decrease NaCl reabsorption in kidneys -> decrease water retention and decrease blood volume -> increase urination
- -decrease BP, pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema
- -Toxicity: decreased K+ (b/c Na+ and K+ channel)
-
Captopril
- -ACE inhibitor to treat Congestive Heat Failure
- -decrease angiotensin -> decrease NE and aldsterone (salt and water retention)
- -decrease bradykinin 0> vasodilation
- --> decrease BP
- -Toxicity: severe hypotension, cough, angioedema
-
Losartan
- AT1 Antagonist to treat Congestive heart failure
- -bloke AT1 receptor -> vasodilation -> decrease BP
- -Indication: Px who can't tolerate ACE inhibitors
- -Toxicity: severe hypotension
-
Glucocorticoids
- decrease inflammation and overactive immune system by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and consequently eicosanoid production (decrease neutrophil and monocytes, processing centers, eicosanoids) -> immune compromised and underlying disease is still there
- -used to treat uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis
- -ie. hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone
-
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- inhibit COX leading to decrease in eicosanoids
- -reliefs pain and tissue damage (inflammation, pain and fever decreased)
-
Aspirin
- inhibits COX1 and COX2 leading to decrease of prostaglandins (decreases fever) and thromboxanes (increases bleeding)
- -used to decrease pain, fever, inflammation and thrombus formation
- -no tolerance, no dependency, no CNS depression, BUT do NOT use in children (Reye's Syndrome)
-
Celecoxib
- COX-2 inhibitor -> analgesia and decreases inflammation without GI side effects
- -no effect on thromboxane and platelets (no clot formation and no platelet aggregation)
- -toxicity: MI, stroke
-
Acetaminophen
- decreases prostaglandin synthesis in CNS
- -toxicity: hepatotoxicity (liver failure)
-
Prednisone
short-acting glucocorticoid that is used to treat CHRONIC inflammation ie. autoimmune disease
-
Dexamethasone
long-acting glucocorticoid that is used to treat very high acute inflammation ie. septic shock, brain edema
-
Digoxin
- drug for heart failure (Na/K ATPase blocker)
- -increases cardiac contractility
- -use in combo with diuretics and ACEi
-
Metoprolol
- drug for heart failure
- -BB blocker
- -decreases heart rate AND renein release
- -do NOT use in seniors
-
Hydralazine
- drug for heart failure
- -vasodilator
- -releases NO -> smooth muscle contraction and reduces edema and cardiac size
-
Bethanechol and carbachol
- direct-acting cholinergic receptor agonist -> increases PNS repsonse
- -mimics ACh, resistant to Achase
-
Neostigmine
- indirect acintg reversible AChase inhibitor
- -> increases PNS function
- -treats Myasthenia gravis (reversal of neuromusclar blockage)
-
Pilocarpine
- direct-acting muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist -> increases PNS response
- -mimics ACh
- -causes contraction of ciliary body -> decreases IOP (used for emergency Tx of glaucoma)
- -Toxicity: CNS disturbances, sweating, salivation
-
Isofluorophate
- irrevesible indirect acting (covalently phophorylate AChase)
- -causes long-lasting miosis
- -for longer Tx of glaucoma
-
Physostigmine
- indirect acting cholinergic (inactivates AChase) -> contraction of ciliary body
- -can enter CNS -> convulsions
- -Tx for glaucoma, atropine poisoning
-
Atropine
- cholinergic anatagonist (competitively binds AChR) -> SNS active
- -long acting mydriasys and cycloglegia
- -toxicity: CNS effects, sweating, salivation, increased HR, hallucinations, delirium, coma
-
Tropicamide
- cholinergic antagonist
- -shorter competitive binding AChR -> SNS active
- -mydriasis and cycloplegia
-
Phenylephrine
- selective a1 agonist only
- -vasoconstriction -> increases BP
- -used for mydriasis (without cycloplegia), decreases conj injection and synechiae
-
Dopamine and dobutamine
- B1 agonist -> SNS
- heart (HR and contractility increase) and kidneys (GFR increases)
- -used for kidney failure
-
Albuterol
- B2 agonist -> SNS stimulation
- -bronchodilator
- -used for asthma
-
Timolol
- Beta blocker
- -decreases AH production -> decreases IOP
- -Tx for glaucoma
-
Metoprolol
- B1 blocker
- -decreases heart contractility, slows conduction
- -Tx for HTN
-
Propanolol
- non-selective B blocker ->decreases SNS (slows SA node pulse and AV conduction) -> decreases HR, constricts bronchioles, decreases GFR
- -worsens asthma, hypglycemia in DN
- -Tx for HTN, angina, arrhythmia, post-MI
-
Quinidine
- Na+ channel blocker
- -to treat all types of chronic arrhythmias
- -toxicity: cannot be used with digoxin (a Na/K ATPase inhibito that increases HR) b/c decreases renal clearance
-
Lidocaine
- Na+ channel blocker
- -treat acute ventricular arrhythmias
- -normal HR
- -toxicity: CNS drowsiness, confusion, tremor, convulsions
-
Amiodarone
- K+ channel blockers -> slows repolarization
- -increases refractory period and decrease automaticity of ischemic cells in ventricles
- -Tx for tachyarrhythmias
-
Verapamil
- Ca2+ chanel blocker
- -decreases contraction (and SA impulse and AV conduction separately)
- -Tx for tachyarrhythmias
-
Donepezil
- Alleviates Alzheimer disease
- AChase inhibitor
- Side effects: nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, vomitting, cramps, fatigue, appetite loss
-
Selegiline
- Alleviates Parkinson's Sxs
- MAO-B inhibitor (dopamine metabolism is decreased)
- Side effects: Dyskinesia, hallucinations, hypotension
-
Levodopa
- Alleviates Parkinson's Sxs
- mimics dopamine, crosses blood brain barrier
- Side effects: dyskinesia, anxiety, psychoses, nausea, vomitting, hypotension
-
Benztropine
- Alleviates Parkinson's Sxs
- Antimuscarinc drug (decreases cholinergic activity of subtantia nigra -> decreases GABA)
- Side effects: drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, peripheral side effects
-
Chlorpromazine
- Typical nueroleptic (Phenothiazine class) used to treat Schizophrenia
- -decreases dopamine levels (increases attn, pleasure and cognition while decreasing hallucinations)
- -Side effects: Parkinsonian Sxs
-
Haloperidol
- Typical nueroleptic (Butyrophenone class) used to treat Schizophrenia-decreases dopamine levels (increases attn, pleasure and cognition while decreasing hallucinations)
- Side effects: Parkinsonian Sxs
-
Clozapine
- Atypical nueroleptic used to treat
- Schizophrenia-decreases dopamine levels (increases attn, pleasure and cognition while decreasing hallucinations)
- Side effects: Hypotension, weight gain
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