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Triangular sail that enables ships to tack and beat against the wind more easily than a square-rigged sail

Early scientific instrument used for determining latitude and time of day, based on the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon

Ocean-going ship developed in 15th-century Portugal; three-masted, squared- and lateen-rigged, with rounded hull and high bow and stern

Portuguese crusader in Africa and royal founder of a school for sea captains to study cartography, astronomy, and navigation (1394 – 1460)

Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope and was the first European to reach India by sea (1498)

Indigenous people who encountered Columbus at his first landfall; he named them “los Indios”

Portuguese navigator commissioned by Spain; reached Asia by sailing west; one of his ships circumnavigated the globe by 1522

First English navigator to explore the west coast of the Americas as far north as Vancouver Island and to circumnavigate the world (1577 - 1580)

Danish navigator commissioned by Russia to explore the North Pacific Ocean as far as the Arctic Ocean (Bering Strait) and the coast of Alaska

British navigator who charted the Pacific Ocean (1768 – 1780),from Antarctica to the Arctic Ocean, including Australia, New Zealand, and the Sandwich Islands (Hawai’i)

Portuguese admiral who established fortified trading posts from Hormuz in the Persian Gulf (1508) to Melaka in the East Indies (1511)

United East India Company, owned by Dutch investors (founded 1602)

A trading or market center, where goods are stored and from which they are distributed

Claimed Philippine archipelago for Spain and named it after his patron, King Phillip II (1565—same year as the founding of St. Augustine in Spanish Florida)

Founded Batavia (modern Jakarta) as a Dutch trading center on Java (1619)

Native to, prevalent in, or confined to a certain region

Marine shells collected in the Maldive Islands and introduced to Africa by European merchants for use as currency in the slave trade