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What is the most common chem fuel in non-photosynthesizers & primary substrate for energy metabolism?
Glucose
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What must happen to fats & proteins b/f they can be used for energy?
They must be converted into glucose or intermediates in the glucose metabolism pathway
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Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is ___ by a specific ___.
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What regulates activities of metabolic pathways?
Key Enzymes
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Where does glucose metabolism primarily occur?
In Mitochondria
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What is the chem reaction for glucose metabolism?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + free energy
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Where is free energy in glucose metabolism reaction collected?
ATP molecules
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What is ΔG for conversion of glucose?
-686 kcal/mol
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What catabolic process is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel occurring w/o O?
Fermentation
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What 4 pathways are aerobic?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
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What are 2 other names for the citric acid cycle?
- Krebs cycle
- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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The electron transport chain or respiratory chain is called ___ ___.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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What 2 pathways are anaerobic?
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Where do glycolysis & fermentation occur in eukaryotes?
In the cytosol
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Where does electron transport chain take place in eukaryotes?
Inside inner membrane of mitochondria
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What 2 pathways occur in the matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes?
- Citric acid cycle
- Pyruvate oxidation
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What 3 energy pathways occur in cytoplasm in prokaryotes?
- Glycolysis
- Fermentation
- Citric Acid Cycle
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What 2 energy cycles occur on plasma membrane in prokaryotes?
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- e⁻ transport chain
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Redox reactions transfer energy of ___.
Electrons
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A reaction w/loss of 1 or more e⁻ or H atoms is called an ___ reaction.
Oxidation
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A reaction that gains 1 or more e⁻ or H atoms is called a ___ reaction.
Reduction
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Whenever 1 material is reduced the other is ___.
Oxidized
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An oxidizing agent ___ an e⁻ or H atom.
Accepts
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A reducing agent ___ an e⁻ or H atom.
Donates
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NAD is short for what?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
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What is key e⁻ carrier in redox reactions?
NAD
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What do coenzymes carry?
2 H atoms & their e⁻
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What are inorganic ions that bind temporarily to certain enzymes & participate in redox reactions called?
Cofactors
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____ are carbon-containing molecules required for action of multiple enzymes but not permanently bound to an enzyme.
Coenzymes
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What happens in the reduction of NAD?
- A hydride ion (H-) is transfered
- Free proton (H+) left behind
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What is the equation for the reduction of NAD?
NAD⁺ + 2H → NADH + H⁺
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What is the equation for oxidation of NAD?
NADH + H⁺ + 1/2 O₂ → NAD⁺ + H₂O
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What is ΔG for oxidation of NAD?
-52.4 kcal/mol
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Glycolysis is an ___ reaction that takes place in the ___.
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What happens in glycolysis of glucose to pyruvate?
1 6C glucose → 2 3C pyruvate
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What 2 energy carrying molecules are produced when glucose is converted to pyruvate?
- ADP + Pi → ATP
- NAD⁺ → NADH + H+
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What are 2 stages of of glycolysis?
- Energy investing reactions using 2 ATP
- Energy harvesting reactions that produce 4 ATP
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Energy investing reactions of glycolysis require what?
ATP
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The 1st 5 reactions in glycolysis require energy & are ___.
Endergonic
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How many molecules of ATP are used in the energy investing step of glycolysis?
2 ATP
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The energy releasing step of glycolysis yields ___ ATP per ___.
4 ATP per glucose
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At the end of glycolysis there is a net gain of what 3 things & how much?
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH + H⁺
- 2 pyruvate molecules
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What process follows glycolysis when O₂ is present?
Cellular Respiration
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What process follows glycolysis when there is no O₂ available?
Fermentation
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In pyruvate oxidation, what is produced for each 2 pyruvate molecules?
- 2 acetyl CoA
- 2 NADH + H⁺
- 2 CO₂
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Of the products of pyruvate oxidation, what enters the Krebs Cycle?
2 Molecules of Acetyl CoA
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Where does the Krebs Cycle take place & in how many steps?
8 steps in mitochondrial matrix
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For each Acetyl CoA that goes thru Krebs cycle what is produced?
- 3 NADH + H⁺
- 1 FADH₂
- 1 ATP
- 2 CO₂
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What is the total NADH + H⁺, FADH₂, ATP & CO₂ produced by the Krebs Cycle?
- 6 NADH + H⁺
- 2 FADH₂
- 2 ATP
- 4 CO₂
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Of all the products of the Kreb's Cycle, which ones enter the e⁻ transport chain?
All NADH + H⁺ & FADH₂
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What process oxidizes carrier molecules to make ATP?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (cristae)
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What are 2 stages of oxidative phosphorylation?
- e⁻ transport chain
- Chemiosmosis
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What stage of cellular reps. produces most ATP & how much?
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- 32 ATP
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A specific proton channel that allows protons to cross the hydrophobic bilayer of inner mitochondrial membrane by simple diffusion is called ___ ___.
ATP Synthase
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What are 2 products of oxidative phosphorylation?
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After NADH+H⁺ & FADH₂ are oxidized in oxidative phosphorylation, the e⁻ go where?
Electron Transport Chain
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After NADH+H⁺ & FADH₂ are oxidized in oxidative phosphorylation, the protons do what?
Create proton motive force
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After oxidative phosphorylation, protons est a concentration & electromechanical gradient called ___ ___ ___.
Proton Motive Force
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Energy created by Proton Motive Force is used to what?
Phosphorylate ADP to generate ATP via ATP synthase
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What happens to NAD+ & FAD after they go thru oxidative phosphorylation?
They are recycled
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What step follows Glycolysis when there is no O₂ present?
Fermentation
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What happens in fermentation?
Pyruvate molecules → Lactic acid or ethanol
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What are net gains fr fermentation?
- 2 ATP
- 2 NAD
- Lactic Acid or Ethanol
- CO₂
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What is the regulatory mechanism for glycolysis?
Allosteric enzyme → Phosphofructokinase
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How do ATP levels effect phosphofructokinase?
- ↑ ATP = Enzyme inactive
- ↑ AMP & ADP causes ↓ ATP = Enzyme active
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What allosteric enzyme is the main ctrl point for Kreb's Cycle?
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
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How does Isocitrate Dehydrogenase work?
Converts isocitrate → a-ketogluterate causing cycle to continue
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What inhibits Isocitrate Dehydrogenase?
NADD + H⁺ & ATP
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What activates Isocitrate Dehydrogenase?
NAD+ & ADP
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What is 2nd ctrl point for Kreb's Cycle & how does it work?
Acetyl CoA - If cycle shuts down bld up of citrate diverts Acetyl CoA to synthesis of fatty acid for storage
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What is the final e⁻ acceptor aft ETC?
O₂
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What does O₃ do in the ETC?
It binds w/free e⁻ to keep them fr zipping around the body causing problems & make H₂O
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