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what are the 7 functions of blood
- Transport of gases, nutrients and waste products; e.g. oxygen
- Transport of processed molecules; e.g., precursor of vitamin D from skin to liver then kidneys
- Transport of regulatory molecules; e.g., hormones
- Regulation of pH (normal pH of most body tissues between 7.35 and 7.45)
- Maintenance of body temperature; e.g., warm blood shunted to the interior of the body
- Protection against foreign substances; e.g., antibodies
- Clot formation
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the liquid part of blood is called
plasma
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a liquid containing substances suspended that do not settle out of sollution is known as a
colloid
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plasma is what percentage water?
91%
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other than water what else is plasma made of? (6)
- protiens
- ions
- nutrients
- waste products
- gases
- regulatory substances
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what are the three protiens in the blood
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
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what are some charactoristics of albumins?
viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer, transports fatty acids, free bilirubin, thyroid hormones
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which blood protien transports lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, and antibodies
Globulins
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which blood protien is involved in clotting?
fibrinogen
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Blood serum:
blood plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors (i.e., whole blood minus both the cells and the clotting factors).
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Ions:
involved in osmosis, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance
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Nutrients:
glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, vitamins
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Waste Products of plasma:
- Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts. Breakdown products of protein metabolism
- Bilirubin. Breakdown product of RBCs
- Lactic acid End product of anaerobic respiration
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Gases of plasma: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inert nitrogen
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inert nitrogen
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Regulatory substances of plasma :
hormones, enzymes
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Biconcave discs, anucleate, contain hemoglobin; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
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what are the formed elements of blood (5)
- red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
- platelets (thrombocytes)
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what are the 2 types of white blood cells
- Granulocytes: cytoplasm contains large granules; have multi-lobed nuclei. Three distinctive types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- Agranulocytes: cytoplasm contains small granules and nuclei that are not lobed. Two distinctive types: lymphocytes and monocytes
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Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis is what?
Process of blood cell production
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STEM CELLS:
All formed elements derived from single population
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Proerythroblasts develop into what?
RBC's
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myeloblasts develop into what?
Develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
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lymphoblasts develop into?
lymphocytes
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monoblasts develop into
monocytes
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Megakaryoblasts develop into ?
platelets
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when oxygen is brought from lungs to tissue 98.5 % is attached to?
1.5% is dissolved in?
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when CO2 is brought from tissues to the lungs:
what percent is dissolved in plasma?
what percent is in combination with hemoglobin?
what percent is transported as bicarbonate ions produced as a result of combination of H2O and CO2 because of enzyme carbonic anhydrase found within RBCs?
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what type of bond does hemoglobin for with oxygen
unstable, reversible bond
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3 types of hemoblobin?
- Oxyhemoglobin: oxygen-loaded
- Deoxyhemoglobin: oxygen-unloaded
- Carbaminohemoglobin: carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin Composition
Four globin molecules (polypeptide chains):
Transport carbon dioxide and nitric oxide. NO brought from lungs to tissues, induces smooth muscles to relax, lowering BP.
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Hemoglobin Composition
Four heme molecules, each containing one iron atom:
transport oxygen
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iron
required for oxygen transport. Iron absorbed in upper small intestine; absorption increased by stomach acid and vitamin C. Iron lost in urine, feces, menstrual fluid.
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Erythropoiesis
Mature RBCs last 120 days in circulation
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Erythropoietin
hormone stimulates RBC production; produced by kidneys in response to low blood O2 levels.
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Erythropoiesis
are RBC's found in higher concentrations in males or females?
males
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what effect does estrogen have on erythropoieses?
inhibitory effect
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what effect does testosterone have on erythropoetin?
acceleratory
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what is the function of white blood cells?
Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
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Neutrophils
- After leaving bone marrow, stay in circulation 10-12 hours then move into other tissues.
- Become motile, phagocytize bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes and other foreign matter. Secrete lysozyme.
- Last 1-2 days.
- Most numerous
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Eosinophils
- Leave circulation and enter tissues during inflammatory response.
- Prevalent in allergic reactions.
- Destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine.
- Release chemicals that help destroy tapeworms, flukes,
- pinworms, and hookworms
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Basophils
- Leave circulation and migrate through tissues, play a role in both inflammatory response and allergic reactions.
- Produce histamine and heparin.
- Least common.
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Lymphocytes
- Produced in red bone marrow but then migrate to lymphatic tissues and proliferate.
- Responsible for antibody production.
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Monocytes
- Remain in circulation for 3 days, leave circulation and become macrophages.
- Phagocytic cells.
- Can break down antigens and present them to lymphocytes for recognition
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Platelets
- Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
- Important in preventing blood loss
- Platelet plugs
- Promoting formation and contraction of clots
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what is the arrest of blood?
hemostatsis
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what are three events that prevent excessive blood loss?
- Vascula spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels. Can occlude small vessels.
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation or blood clotting
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3 stages of coagulation
- 1.Activation of prothrombinase
- 2.Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- 3.Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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Coagulation factors.
- Proteins found in plasma.
- Circulate in inactive state until tissues are injured.
- Damaged tissues and platelets produce chemicals that begin activation of the factors.
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blood clot
A network of threadlike fibrin fibers, trapped blood cells, platelets and fluid
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Transfusion:
transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
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Infusion:
introduction of fluid other than blood
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what is blood type determined by?
antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
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Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in?
agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
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two groups for blood typing?
ABO and Rh
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Functions of the Heart (4)
- Generating blood pressure
- Routing blood: separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
- Ensuring one-way blood flow: valves
- Regulating blood supply
- Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
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the human heart is the size of what?
a closed fist
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what is the apex of the heart
blunt rounded point of the cone
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what is the base of the heart
flat part opposite the cone
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where is the heart located?
Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum (central core of the thoracic cavity;everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs)
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Fibrous pericardium:
tough fibrous outer layer. Prevents over distention; acts as anchor
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Serous pericardium:
thin, transparent, inner layer. Simple squamous epithelium
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Parietal pericardium:
lines the fibrous outer layer
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Visceral pericardium (epicardium):
covers heart surface
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what are the three layers of heart wall tissue?
- Epicardium: Serous membrane; smooth outer surface of heart
- Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting
- Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers
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Pectinate muscles:
muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall
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Trabeculae carnae:
muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles
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