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What is the master molecule of addiction associated with reward and reinforcement system?
- Dopamine
- Reward = dopamine surge --> pleasurable sensation --> addiction (need for pleasure/fix)
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Glutamate is the precursor to GABA (gamma aminobutyrate acid).
Would increased GABA decrease or increase anxiety?
- increased GABA = decreased anxiety
- ex. drugs, meditation, yoga
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What is the effect of mania in bipolar disorder on mood, activity, sleep, risk-taking, speech?
- mood elevated, expansive, irritable (mania, hypomania)
- hyperactivity, pressured speech
- racing thoughts, flight of ideas, grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep, distractibility
- excess involvement in potentially dangerous activity
- psychotic s/s - delusions, hallucinations
- marked impairment in mania
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Neurotransmitters associated with panic disorders and where they originate: Serotonin
Serotonin - raphe nuclei of brain stem
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Neurotransmitters associated with panic disorders and where they originate: Norepinephrine
- Norepinephrine -
- = locus cereuleus in brain stem
- = burst of norepinephrine in anxiety
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Neurotransmitters associated with panic disorders and where they originate: Dopamine
- Dopamine -
- = substantia nigra and ventral tegmental areas of midbrain
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Neurotransmitters associated with panic disorders and where they originate: CRH
CRH - hypothalamus
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Neurotransmitters associated with panic disorders and where they originate: ACTH
ACTH - pituitary
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Neurotransmitters associated with panic disorders and where they originate: Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids - pituitary
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PET scan
- cerebral blood flow and uptake of glucose (cerebral metabolism)
- glucose concentration = 60%
- schizophrenia
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CT/MRI
- structural assessment
- stroke, AVM
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What does kindling mean in terms of depressive episodes?
- Kindling = constant sense of threat
- exposure to high cortisol levels over time increases sensitivity of thalamus to stimuli of psychologically threatening nature
- person becomes highly reactive to environmental stimuli
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Addictive behavior involves what part of the brain and pathway of reward?
- activation of medial forebrain bundle
- brainstem (ventral tegmental area)
- lateral hypothalamus --> nucleus accumbens --> frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
- dopamine = primary neurotransmitter involved
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Pathway of reward
- pathological attachment to a substance
- goal = brain reward and reinforcement
- faster a drug enters the brain, the more reinforcing it is
- drugs = imitate actions of a neurotransmitter or increase actions
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