West_Civ_Ch7

• In 705, it was teh capital of a vast, expanding Muslim Empire
• Great Mosque of Damascus

• Where the games and chariot reaces that were the obsession ofthe city's population took place
• also known as "the Circus"

• Known as "the emperor who never slept"
• wife was Theodora
• In 532 checked the power of the Circus factions
• restored for one last moment some of the geographic unity of the old empire
• Justinian code was written and is the foundation for most of Europe's legal system
• left the empire bankrupt

Ambitious wife of Justinian

• Church of the Holy Wisdom
• one of the largest and most innovative churches ever constructed

• as spectacular but not as well appreciated as Justinian
• squeezed the empire's population for the taxes to pay for the conquests and reforms

• Justinian's brilliant jurist
• he revised and organized the existing codes of Roman law into the Justinian Code

• emperor 610-641
• turned back the tide and crushed the Sassanids
• but it was too late...Islam had emerged in the deserts of Arabia

• East of the Byzantine Empire
• In 602 Sassanid empire  captured Egypt, Palestine and Syria

• Ruled as Regent for her son Contantine VI
• then when he came of age had him blinded and depposed of

emperor

• Byzantine empire devided into 25 provinces - known as themes
• the soldiers were also farmers

military commandors that governed the themes

the official "right-teaching" faith of Constantinople as opposed to the heterodox peoples on the margins of the Byzantine Empire.

• Orthodox Christian missionary
• sent by Michael III 
• from Thessalonica
• brother of Methodius
• created a Slavonic alphabet that was used to translat the Scripture

• Orthodox Christian missionary
• sent by Michael III 
• from Thessalonica
• brother of Cyril

• an amalgam of south Slavic groups under the leadership of a Turkic elite
• agreed to make Christianity the official religion when they needed help against the Serbians

religious images used in meditating in worship

Breakers of icons; opponents of the mediating use of icons (religious images) in worship.  Most emperors supported this faction in eighth- and early ninth-century Byzantium

Venrators of icons; the ecclesiastical faction that resisted the iconoclasts.  Most of the people and lesser clergy were iconodules

• united the tribes of the Arabin Peninsula and propelled them on an unprecedented mission of conquest
• father of Islam

• means "submission to the will of God"
• prophet Muhammad

• nomadic tribes that roamed the peninsula in search of pasturage for their flocks
• desert dwellers

• sanctuary which often borders between tribal areas
• set up as a  neutral ground with no violence

• became the leading commercial organization in norther Arabia
• established Mecca as a haram
• the tribe of Muhammad

• Muhammad was a descendent
• established Mecca as a haram
• muslim holy man

• established as a haram
• grew into an important center

• Koran
• the exact and complete revelation of God

In early Islam, the journey undertaken by Muhammad from Mecca to Medina on 622 in order to govern Medina and calm its internal political dissension

The community of all believers in the Islamic faith.  Initially, it was both a political and religious supertribe of Arabs

holy wars waged by Muslims against their religious enemies

The successors of Muhammad who served as political and religious leaders of the Islamic world

• the successor of the prophet Muhammad
• launched a war of reconversion to convert the followers of Muhammad that fell away after his death

• the greatest of the early Islamic general
• Abu Bakr's general, Muslim expansion covered all of Arabia
• defeated tribe after tribe and brought them back into the Umma
• used the desert to hide after attacking

Dome of the Rock

• under his command, Islam conquered Iran, Iraq, Syria and Egypt
• divided the spoils of war between two groups:  the earliest followers of the Prophet and the conquerors themselves

• successor of 'Umar
• member of the Umayyad clan of Mecca
• attempted to consolidate control over Islam by the Quraysh elite and began reducing the privilages of the early converts
• was murdered while reading the Koran

• 4th Caliph
• son-in-law and nephew of Muhammad
• was suspected in the murder of 'Uthman
• moved the caliphate from Arabia to Iraq
• stressed equality among all believers
• murdered by supporters of the Umayyad

Muslims who follow the tradition that legitimate leadership of Islam can only come through the descendents of 'Ali, whom they regard as the last orthodox caliph

• established at Damascus a caliphate that lasted a century
• ruled as secular leaders
• attempted to unite the Islamic Empire through an appeal of Arab unity
• they extended the Islamic Empire to its farthest reaches

• Islamic general
• crossed the Strait of Gibralter (Tariq's mountain)
• conquered the entire penisula

• followers under the black banners of the descendants of Muhammad's paternal uncle 'Abbas
• overthrew the Umayyads
• attempted to govern according to religious principles

The majority tradition of Islam that accepts that political succession should be based on consensus, the existing political order, and a leader's merit.

• Shi'ite
• launched revolts against the Sunnis
• supported by North African Berbers
• declared himself caliph
• established Cairo as the capital of the caliphate

• Muslim mathmetician
• developed mathematical concepts not surpassed until the 19th century

• Jewish physician
• wrote texts in Arabic and Hebrew on Jewish law
• wrote the Guide to the Perplexed
• attempted to reconcile Aristotlian and Neoplatonic philosophy to Scripture

local military commanders who took control of provincial administration in the Islamic world at the expense  of the caliphs by the 10th century

Norman commander conquered Byzantine Bari and southern Italy

• the place that Emperor Romanus IV was defeated by the Seljuk Turks
• this defeat sealed the fate of teh empire

Western Christians led expeditions

• Mongol prince 
• known as Temujin or Genghis Khan
• Universal Ruler
• led his conquering army into Persia from central Asia

•  after the Mongol empire they began to expand at the expense of both the byzantine and the Mongol-Seljuk empires
• Conquered Constantinople