ch.7 psych

the retention of info or expeerience over time as the result of 3 key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

where sensory of physical features of stimuli are analyzed

stimulus is recognized and labeled

semantic, meaningful, symbolic; charasteristics are used

invlovles holding info from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant

limited capacity; info is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds, unless we use strategies to retain it longer

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amount of info for a long time

process of reapeadly verbalizing of thinking about a piece of info

thinking about the meaning of the term to be remebered instead of just repeating it

also called declaritive; the conscious recollection of info (specific facts/info) at least in humans; derived by efforts to recover info

retention of info about the where,when and what of life's happening ; how we remeber life's episodes

knowledge about the world, areas of expertise, general knowledge, things learned in school

non declaritive; memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience w/o a conscious recollection of that experience. no effort

memory for skills

activiation of info that people already have in storage to help them remeber new info better and faster

automatic learning of associations between stimuli so that one comes to evoke the same response as the other

smells have a super highway to the brain structure involved in emotion and memory consolidation; allows for quickly learning to associate smells w/ stimuli/memories that are good or bad

memory task in which the individual only has to indentify (recognize) learned items, as on multpile choice test

a memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned info, as an essay test

learning something over again

when info was never entered into long-term memory

people forgetnot b/c memories are lost from storage but because other info gets in the way of what they want to remember

when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, over time this trace disentegrates

when we want to forget something b/c its too painful or anxiety-laden

the loss of memory

memory disorder that affects the retention of new info and events

memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events

compostition in which certain letters in each line form a word or words

way to study/attain inof; survey, question, read, review, recite

special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his/her life experiences

memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall w/ more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events

the process by which info gets into memory storage

taking info out of storage

refers to the idea that encoding occurs on a continum

the extensiveness of processing at any given level

one of the most powerful ways to make memories distinctive

an auditory sensory memory retained for up to several seconds

a visual memory which is retained for only about 1/4 second

holds images in memory much longer than iconic memory. ability to memorize pictures to the smallest detail w/ extreme accuracy

proposed that 7 elements plus or minus two was the magic number characterizing the limits of short-term memory

grouping info into meaningful units that then occupy a single digit of short-term memory

conscious rapid repetition of info to help us store it in short-term memory

• 3 part system that temporarily holds info as people perform cognitive tasks
• phonological loop
• visuospatial working memory
• central executive

stores speech-based info about the sounds of language

stores visual and spatial info

integrates info from phonological and visuospatial. coordinates subsytem info and controls attention

involves recollection of facts and events

episodic and semantic

clusters of info regarding objects, people and situations, preexsting mental concept or framework that helps us organize and interepret info

when retrieval cues do not point effectively to one specific memory

when info from the past makes it difficult to acquire new info

when the acquisiton of new info makes it harder to remember older info

devices that encode a long series of facts by associating them w/ familiar previously encoded info

associates objects w/ some sequence of places with which an individual is familar

vivid imagery to important words

creating a word from the first letters of an item to be remembered

a biological  condition that leads to a decline in memory function. caused by a plaque formed on the frontal lobe of the brain

suggest that the first and last items in a series will be remembered better than the itmes in the middle

the items first learned in a series will be remember better

last items in a series will be remembered better

stimuli you use to search for a particular memory