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Hydrochloric Acid
The chemical produced and secreted in the lining of the stomach that helps in the digestion of food substances.
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Cholelithiasis
The formation of gallstones.
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Hemorrhoids
varicosities in the rectum or anal region
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Hepatotoxins
drugs that are damaging to the liver
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Cirrhosis
A chronic disease characterized bt the destruction of liver celss, often the result of alcohol and/or drug abuse, whose prominent symptoms are jaundice and ascites.
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Appendix
pain over the right lower quadrant would indicate inflammation appendicitis
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Alimentary Canal
another term for the gastrointestinal tract
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Q: What kind of foods is a patient to avoid for 2 days prior to collecting a stool sample for testing of occult blood?
A: Red meat (foods that contains blood) or Raw vegetables
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Metabolism
The breakdown of food into useable molecular units to promote growth and energy production
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Stomatitis
A virus, bacterium, or fungus may cause inflammation of the oral mucosa
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Sclerotherapy
The use of chemical agents to cause hardening of the lining of esophageal varices in an effort to prevent rupture of the varices
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Herpes Simplex #1
the virus that causes a canker sore or a fever blister
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Duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine just past the stomach
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Anorexia
Loss of appetite
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Peritonitis
Inflammation of diverticulum may result in the bowel becoming swollen and distended and is rupture occurs.
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Defecation
The evacuation of feces from the rectum
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alimantary canal
extends from the mouth Anus
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Esophagus
a muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach.
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Peritoneal Lining
covers each organ in the abdomen
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Gallbladder
The organ that stores and concentrates bile
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Liver
The organ that actually produces bile
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The stomach
that opens into the dueodenum Pyloric Sphincter
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Hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
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Ascites
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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Rectum
The end portion of the large intestine
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Gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter causing backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus and buring pain in the esophagus
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Peptic ulcer disease
a sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach
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Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
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Incarcerated hernia
swollen and fixed within a sac,
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strangulated hernia
becomes constricted, cut off from circulation, and the obstruction is likely to become gangrenous
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Intussusception
Prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part
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volvulus
the twisting of the bowel on itself and may result in abstruction or rupture
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Flatulence
Gas in the stomach or intestines
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Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder
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Paracentesis
puncturing the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
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Laxative
A cathartic drug
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Colostomy
The creation of an opening in the colon to create an abdominal anus
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ileastomy
performed after removal of the entire colon.
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Nasogastric intubation
Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach
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Antiemetic
A drug that prevents or stops vomiting
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Barium swallow
the upper GI series and require the use of contrast medium
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Barium Enema
The lower GI series and require the use of contrast medium
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Peristalsis
The process of wavelike movement of products through the gastrointestinal tract
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Gingivitis
inflammation of the gums in the oral cavity
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Hiatal Herina
A defect in the diaphragm that allows a portion of the stomach to slide up into the chest cavity
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Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
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Pepsin
The chemical produced and secreted in the stomach that helps protect the stomach lining and prevent ulcerations
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Melena
dark, tarry stools that contain old blood.
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Q: What are the typical symptoms of IBS?
A: constipation alternating with diarrhea
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Diverticulosis
A chronic condition of the intestinal wall causing small out-pouches in the lining that can lead to inflammation and even intestinal rupture
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Inguinal Hernia
A herina that occurs in the groin area
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Vermiform appendix
the structure that has no digestive function, but may aid in our resistance to infection, which protrudes from the ascending colon (cecum)
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Respiration
The exchange of gases within the body
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Cilia of the nose
Filters air as it enters the respiratory tract
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Epiglottis
prevents food from entering the airway
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Bronchus
the trachea splits into the right and left
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Pleura
the membranes enclosing the lung and lining the thoracis cavity.
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Asthma
a reversible condition known for its high-pitched musical sound (wheeze) that indicates partial airway obstruction and constriction of the smooth muscle lining of the airways of the lungs
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A progressive, irreversible condition with diminished respiratory capacity due to a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis
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Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal respiration
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Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
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Sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
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Tuberculosis
an infectious disease spread by respiratory droplets from an infected person.
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Hemoptysis
coughing up blood that originated in the lungs.
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Hyperpnea
extra-deep respiartions
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stertorous breathing
abnormal breathing that sounds like Snoring
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Thoracentesis
Surgical puncture into the pleural cavity for aspiration of fluids
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Productive cough
Is the most prominent symptom of bronchitis
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Alveoli
The tiny thin-walled microscopic air sacs that are the site of gas exchange in the lungs
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Status Asthmaticus
an emergency respiratory situation as, the patient doesn't respond to normal asthma medications and without immediate intervention can lead to respiratory arrest/death.
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Metastasize
to spread to other organs
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Percussion
The method of examination that is performed by placing fingers on the chest and striking it with the fingers of the other hand
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Atelectasis
The condition in which the lung fields are collapsed or there is incomplete expansion of the lungs
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Bronchodilator medications
side effect that can increase heart rate
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Bradypnea
slow respirations
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Stridor
The type of breathing with a high pitched crowing sound that indicates laryngeal odstruction
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Tracheostomy
a permanent surgical stoma in the neck with an indwelling tube
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Cigarette smoking
is believe that the most common cause of lung cancer
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Pulmonologist
The doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of the lung
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Urula
The small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grapelike shape.
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Hemoptysis
Coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs
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Apnea
inability to breathe
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Rales
popping sounds or crackles are heard when air enters diseased airways
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Hypercapnia
an excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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Orthopnea
the ability to breathe only in an upright position
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Hypopnea
shallow breathing
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Hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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Hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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Laryngitis
inflammation of the voice box
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Bronchiectasis
Abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
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Pneumonia
Lung inflammation caused by an infection such as from bacteria or viruses and is also described as inflammation of the larger airway of the lungs
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Hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
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Pulse Oximetary
a non-invasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood
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Asthma
the obstructive pulmonary disease caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes with attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
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Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
a measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal Inspiration or Inhalation.
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Cystic Fibrosis
The inherited condition that causes secretion of abnormally thick, viscous mocus that obstructs passageways in the lungs
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Pneumothorax
air in the pleural space
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Empyema
the presence of pus in the pleural space.
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Emphysema
an obstructive pulmonary disease that result in loss of lung elasticily, which hampers the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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Ausculation
listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
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Expectorant
a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
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Hyoid bone
lies at the base of the tongue
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Muscles
provides a protective covering for internal organs and produce body heat.
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bursa
a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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ligament
connects bone to bone
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Tendon
connects muscle to bone
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Comminuted Fracture
The type of fracture that refers to a bone that is fragmented
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Coronal plane
Corona/Frontal plane
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Medial
toward the middle (midline)
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Flexion
bending at the joint so the angle between bones is decreased
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Extension
bending at the joint so the angle between bones is increased
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Pronation
turning of the palm backward or downward
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Supination
Turning of the palm upward or forward
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Sagittal Plane
The plane that divides the body into right and left portions
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Positional and Directional
reference are based on the body being in Anatomical position
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Distal
away from the origin of a structure
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Abduction
Movement away from the body
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Adduction
movement toward the body
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Spasticity
an uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
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Flaccid
Flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
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Tetany
prolonged, continuous muslce contraction
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Rigor/ Rigidity
stiff muscle
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Hypertrophy
the increase in the size of a muscle
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Osteoporosis
The condition in which bones become less dense and more porous
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Closed reduction
realigning of fractures
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
the most crippling, especially affecting the hands and feet.
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Greenstick Fracture
A fracture that is partoal or incomplete that is most often seen in children
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Amputation
removal of a limb, and often requires fitting for a Prosthesis
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Scoliosis
a side-to-side or lateral curvature of the spine
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Sprain
injury to a joint capsule and its supporting ligaments
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Bursae
The sacs around some joints filled with synovial fluid
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Rotator cuff injury
located in the shoulder
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
repetitive motion use of the hands and wrists
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Q: Which part of the body is affected by PLANTAR FASCLITIS?
A: bottom of foot
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Gout
The form of arthritis caused by the deposit of uric acid crystals into a joint.
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Callus
when a fractured bone is healing, the substance deposited around the break that holds the end of the bones together
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Dupuytren's contracture
affects the fingers (ringfinger)
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Compound Fracture
A fracture in which the broken end of the bone protrudes through the skin
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Osteoarthritis
the type of arthritis that is caused by wear and tear on weight-bearing joints
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Lateral Epicon Dylitid (LED)
tennis elbow
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