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steps of Hypothalamic hormones journey
1. hypothalamic hormones are relaesed into a capillary network
2. hormones travel down a "portal" vein in the pituatary stalk
3. hormones excite or inhibit other hormones of the anterior pituatary to be released into bloodstream
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- -HPG
- *Hypothalamus-pituatary gonadal axis
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Where do we get the Y chromosome from?
-father
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We all have a _________, what dictates who has potential to be a male?
primordial, and the prescence of a Y chromosome
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Whats responsible masculinizing the hypothalamus?
estradiol
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Male pathways in the brain (2)
-lateral tegmental field
-medial preoptic area 
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Female pathways in the brain (2)
-ventromedial nucleus
-Periaquedactal gray
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Female rats have "proceptive" behaviors (flirting actions), what triggers it? (3)
-hop/dart
-ear wiggling
*Progestorone seems to play an especially strong role in female procetive behaviors
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3 components to the motivational side of sexual behavior
- drive to engage in sexual behavior
-anticipation of a sexual encounter
-reward associated with sexual behavior
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(motivational component in sexual beahvior in rats) Female and male rats develop_______ for sexual encounters.
conditioned place preferences
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Which NT is released in response to the delivery of rewarding stimuli?
Dopamine
ex) food, drugs, sex
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-The VTA and Sn of rats and oher animals will activate when they do work to get satisfaction
-dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is associated with food and other rewards
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Dopamine levels and sexual behavior
dopamine levels are high when engaging in sexual behavior but then drop when the interest is gone
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(females want soemting different) female sexual behavior
-they engage in appraoch and avoidance behaviors directed toward male to pace the rate of copulation which will result a pattern of vagincervical stimulation that triggers a neuroendocrine reflex important for pregnancy
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Phineas gage
-was a responsible, respected contruction worker for railroad
-after damage to the frontal lobe, he became a different person in his emotions.
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Areas of our brains appear to play a particularly...
important role in emotion
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Experiment of Bard
-"sham rage"
-removed a cats cortex which resulted in overly aggressive behavior from the cat that wasnt being directed to anyone  
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Hypothalamus appears to be critical for ________ and the role of the _________ is to inhibit these reponses as well as direct them
aggressive behaviors, cortex
*prove: when they didnt cut the hypothalamus they didnt have sham rage but when they did they did have sham rage
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Electrical stimulation of specific regions of_________ leads to the expression of aspects of emotion.
hypothalamus (medial hypothalamus)
*they trigger "affective attack"
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Dr James Paypez work
-proposed a circuit
-emotions are expressed by inputs of a variety of structures on hypothalamus
-emotions are experienced by inputs of a variety of structures on the cortex
*structures involved in processing of emotion, LIMBIC SYSTEM
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Where did stress come from? and what was it referred to as?
Hans Seyle, "the weight of all the wear and tear caused by life"
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when do we experience stress?
when the body is exposed to harm or threat
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Seyle's 3 phases "General adaption syndrome"
-alarm reaction
-adaptation stage
-exhaustion phase
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(seyles 3 pahses GAS) 1. Alarm reaction
alarm reaction to the stressor is the initial response
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(seyles 3 pahses GAS) 2. Adaptation stage
- activation of appropriate response systems to bring the body back to a normal state.
- *Homeostasis
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(seyles 3 pahses GAS) 3. Exhaustion phase
in response to prolonged stress leads to increased susceptibility to disease
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Stressful stimuli activate the_________ which in turn activates_______ to promote_________
hypothalamus, adrenal glands, secretions
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2 ways in which hypothalamus activates the adrenals
-neural
- hormonal
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
just above the kidneys
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2 portions of the adrenal glands
-cortex
-medulla
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(portions of adrenal glands) Cortex
secretes hormones: cortisol, androgens, and estrogens
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(portions of adrenal glands) Medulla
secretes: norepinephrine and epinephrine
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(ways of activating adrenals) Hormonal response steps (3)
-hypothalamus releases cortocotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
-CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from cells in anterior pit. gland
-ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol(steroid hormone)
*HPA axis
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negative feed back occurs to...
maintain homeostasis
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(ways of activating adrenals) Neural response steps (2)
-autonomic nervous system
-neurons of the hypothalamus project to ganglion of sympathetic nervous system which then innervate the adrenal medulla to cause the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine 
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Stress activates both _______ and ________ responses
neural , hormone
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(Results of activation of adrenals) Cortisol (3)
-increases blood pressure
-increases blood sugar level
-suppresses immune function...immune response causes inflammation so cortisol suppresses inflamation
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(Results of activation of adrenals) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (2)
- increase heart rate
-increase blood pressure
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(long term stress) Holding position in dominance hierarchy is stressful
- -they are always watchign their back for challengers
- *but get most/all the resources available
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(social hierarchy) Chronic social stress results (3)
- -stress suppreses testosterone levels
- *subordinates have testes reduced in size
-shorter life span
-lower body weight
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