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Where is lymphoid tissue found?
found thoughout the body in nodes, tonsils, and intestines
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What is the function of lymphoid tissue?
filter blood and lymph
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What does lymphoid tissue function as?
- humoral immunity
- responds to many insult in the body
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What is lymphadenopathy?
- enlarged lymph node
- lymph gland disease
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When do lymph nodes enlarge?
- primary or systemic disease
- inflammation
- hyperplasia
- first degree neoplasia and second degree neoplasia
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Which lymph nodes do we palpate?
- submandibular
- axillary
- prescapular
- inguinal
- popliteal
- mesenteric
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How do we make a node aspirate?
- same as general cytology
- make 2 smears
- stain one
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How do we do an impression smear of a node?
- remove node
- cut open
- touch slide (normal area and abnormal area)
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Are segs normally seen in a lymph node cytology?
no
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_____% of cells are _____.
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Other than small lymphocytes, what else will we see on the cytology?
- prolymphs
- lymphoblasts
- plasma cells
- macrophages
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Describe small lymphocytes (size, shape, cytoplasm, nucleus, chromatin).
- 10 u
- round
- thin rim of blue cytoplasm
- round nucleus
- clumpy chromatin
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Describe prolymphocytes (nucleus shape, chromatin, cytoplasm).
- nucleus round or my be indented
- chromatin less clumpy than lymphocyte
- more and paler bue cytoplasm than lymphocyte
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Describe lymphoblasts (size, cytoplasm, nucleus, chromatin, nucleoli).
- 15 - 25 u
- abundant of basophilic cytoplasm
- large nucleus
- lacey chromatin
- 1 - 3 nucleoli
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Describe a plasma cell (size, cytoplasm, nucleus, chromatin).
- medium size
- moderate to abundant deep blue cytoplasm
- clumpy chromatin
- perinuclear clear zone
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What do mott cells do?
make antibodies
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Describe a macrophage (size, cytoplasm, nucleus)
- large cell
- abundant pale blue cytoplasm with vacuoles
- pale vesicular nucleus
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Is an enlarged node normal or abnormal?
abnormal
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Whast could cause an enlarged node?
- hyperplasia
- inflammation
- neoplasia
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What types of inflammation could cause an enlarged node?
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What are the two types of neoplasia in a node?
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What does a cytology of a hyerplasia lymph node look like?
- small lymphs (>70% seen)
- numerous plasma cells
- increase in prolymphs, blasts, and macrophages
- may see mast cells, eosinophils, few sges, mott cells
- organisms may be present
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Where would there be hyperplasia in a lymph node?
immune system stimulated for some reason
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Do the lymphocytes look normal on a cytology of hyperplasia of a lymph node?
yes
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If there are predominately segs on a cytology of lymphadenitis, then what is it?
purulent inflammation
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If there are more eosinophils on a cytology of lymphadenitis, then what is the cause?
allergy or parasite
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If there are more macrophages on a cytology of lymphadenitis, then what is the cause?
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Where do we look for the etiologic agent (organisms) in lymphadenitis?
- in cytoplasm of segs and macrophages
- between cells
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What is another term for primary neoplasia?
lymphoma
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What species is lymphoma common in and what else do we see with the patients who have lymphoma?
- dogs and cats
- hypercalcemia (elevated calcium levels)
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If there are many lymph nodes enlarged without dermatitis then what should we suspect it is?
lymphoma
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What does a cytology look like for lymphoma?
- monomorphic population of large lymphs
- plasma cells are rare
- few small lymphs
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What are the different types of lymphoma?
- lymphoblastic
- prolymphocytic
- histiocytic
- lymphocytic
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Which type of lymphoma is the most common?
lymphoblastic
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Which type of lymphoma is the rarest?
lymphocytic
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Who determines the type of lymphoma?
pathologist
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We don't often see "malignant criteria" for _____.
lymphoma
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What is secondary neoplasia?
metastasis
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What does a cytology look like of metastasis?
- large cells with neoplastic criteria
- cells may be unrecognizable
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What is the difference between primary neoplasia (lymphoma) and secondary neoplasia (metastasis)?
- primary neoplasia (lymphoma) starts in the lymph nodes
- secondary neoplasia starts somewhere else and metastasizes to the lymph nodes
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What does the normal cytology of a spleen look like?
- similar to a normal node...
- except 75% small lymphs
- increased prolymphs, blasts, and plasma cells
- many rbcs, obsure cells
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Why would we do a cytology of the spleen?
splenomegaly
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acute inflammation in the lymph node
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- blastomyces
- organism in acute inflammation
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- cryptococcosis
- organism in acute inflammation
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- histoplasma
- organism in acute inflammation
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hyperplasia in a lymph node
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- leishmania
- organism in acute inflammation
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What are the two large cells?
lymphoblasts
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What is wrong with this animal?
lymphoma
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What is wrong with this animal?
lymphoma
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What are the large cells?
macrophages
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-
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Is this cytology of a lymph node normal or abnormal?
normal
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What cell is the arrow pointing to?
prolymphocyte
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What type of neoplasia is this?
secondary neoplasia
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What organ is this a cytology of?
the spleen
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