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List and define the 4 groups of eukaryotes and give an example of each
- Fungi: eukaryote, chemoheterotroph, chitin cell walls, decomposers, parasites/pathogens (yeast)
- Algae: Most photoautotrophs, unicellular/filamentous/multicellular, found mostly in aquatic environments
- Protozoa: unicellular, chemoheterotrophic, few species pathogenic, free-living OR associated with other organisms, repoduce asxually by fission/budding/schizogony or sexually by conjugation
- Helminths: free-living or parasitic worms, have organ systems, life cycle may involve many hosts, dioecious or monoecious (hermaphroditic)
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List the defining characteristics of fungi and give 2 examples
- Eukarotic
- Chemoheretrophs
- Chitin cell walls
- Important decomposers
- Parasites/pathogens (~100 species)
- Can be dimorphic for yeast form/mold form
- Yeasts: unicellular, facultative anaerobes, fission/budding
- Molds: multicellular, filamentous, fungal thallusconsisting of hyphae
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Describe 5 types of mycoses
- Mycoses: fungal disease, usually chronic and difficult to treat (antibiotics won't work)
- Systematic mycoses: infection deep within the body
- Subcutaneous mycoses: infection beneath the skin
- Cutaneous mycoses: infection of hair, skin, or nails
- Opportunistic mycoses: caused by normal microbiota
- Superficial mycoses: hair shafts and epidermal cells
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Describe fungal benefits to humans
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae: used to make bread and wine, proteins (Hep B vaccine)
- Candida oleophila: prevents other fungal growth on crops
- Taxomyces: used to produce taxol (anticancer)
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List the defining characters of algae and give 2 examples
- Photoautotrophs
- Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular
- Most are not pathogens
- Found mosty in aquatic environments (location depends on nutrient availability, wavelengths of light required, and surface to grow on)
- Types: green algae, brown algae, and red algae
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Describe the algal benefits to humans
Algae is a primary producer (fixes CO2) and is responsible for 80% of earths O2 supply
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List the defining characteristics of protoza and give 2 examples
- Unicellular
- Chemoheterotrophic
- Few species are pathogens
- Free-living or in association with other organisms
- Reproduce asexually by fission, budding, or schizogony
- Reproduce sexually by conjugation
- Some produce cysts under adverse conditions
- Entamoeba histolytica: causes amoebic dysentary
- Trichonomas vaginalis: causes genital infection and UTI
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List the defining characteristics of helminths and give two examples
- Kingdom Animalia
- Free living or parasitic worms
- Have organ systems
- Life cycle may involve many hosts
- Monoecious (hermaphroditic) or dioecious
- Trematodes (flukes): leaf-shaped body with ventral and oral suckers, blood flukes burrow through skin and cause damage to blood vessels, liver, etc
- Nematodes: rounda and tapered at one end, have complet digestive system, free-living OR parasties, infect humans as eggs OR larvae
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Describe the characteristics and life cycles of roundworms and tapeworms
- Roundworms (Nematodes)
- Egg infection: Pinworm infects as egg, hatches in small intestine
- Larvae infection: Hook worm penetrates skin, Tichinella must be ingested, Dirofilaria uses a vector
- Tapeworms (Cestodes)
- Head has suckers for attachment
- No digestive system (food absorbed through cuticles)
- Proglottids contain male and female reproductive organs, they are shed and excreted and will go on to infect others
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Differentiate between an intermediate host and a definitive host (helminths)
- Intermediate host: host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed
- Definitive host: host in which the parasite reaches maturity and, if possible, reproduces sexually
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