-
To reduce the angle between two bones
Flexion
-
Bottom of the rear foot, hoof, paw
Planter
-
Pertaining towards the side
Lateral
-
Pertaining towards the head
Cranial
-
To increase the angle between two bones
Extension
-
Pertaining to the head
Cephalic
-
Bottom of the front foot, hoof or paw
Palmer
-
Pertaining towards the tail
Caudal
-
-
-
malac
bad or abnormal softening
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
path
disease and/or abnormal condition
-
-
athero
porridge-like (cholesterol)
-
myocardial infarction
Correct name for heart attack
-
artherosclerosis
Nickname used for heart attack due to cholesterol buildup in arteries.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
tumor
growth, lump or nodule
-
hem/em
iron, hemoglobin, blood
-
myelo
bone marrow or spinal cord
-
anterior
towards the front - Only used in reference to limbs
-
posterior
towards the rear - only used in reference to limbs
-
-
-
Purpose of diaphragm
To maintain negative air pressure
-
plasia
growth, development, nourishment
-
hyperplasia
increase growth or development
-
hypoplasia
decrease growth or development
-
Aplastic anemia
reduction in red blood cells due to damage of the bone marrow.
-
gestation
time from conception until birth
-
-
tendon
connects muscle to bones - has more blood supply
-
ligaments
connect bone to bone - very little blood supply
-
4 Cardinal signs of inflammation
- (1) redness; (2) heat; (3) swelling; (4) pain.
- Redness and heat are from increased blood flow that results in swelling which leads to pain.
-
Inflammation leads to
- (1) Increased blood flow we get more oxygen (present in the RBC) and more nutrients in the plasma that we need; and
- (2) (Most important) an increased level of WBC/leukocytes because phagocytic cells that undergo phagocytosis.
-
2 types of phagocytic cells
the segmented neutrophils and the monocytes (in tissue called macrophage).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Spleen
stores red blood cells and removes damaged red blood cells from circulation
-
3 types that go under the lymphatic system:
(1) Lymph nodes - specific structure made up of lymph tissue
(2) Lymph vessels – small vessels that carry material from one lymph node to another. Act like a drainage systems.
(3) Lymphatic tissue – scattered throughout the body not as organized. Lymphatic tissue called Pyres patches located in the intestines, also lymphatic tissue in the ovaries, uterus. Antibodies are formed in the lymphatic tissue. Tonsils are lymphatic tissuesthat help form antibodies.
Lymphatic tissue and immune system are intertwined/related.
-
2 kinds of WBC Lymphocytes
1. Small – round have a dark purple nucleus, clear cytoplasm. Found in Dogs, cats and humans
2. Large – oval. Found in horses and cows
-
Additional way to classify lymphocytes determined by a stain:
- 1. B lymphocytes
- 2. T lymphocytes (t-cells – keep track of for HIV)
- Typical stain in veterinary medicine only distinguishes between small and large lymphocytes
-
Define antigen
- Antigens are foreign proteins .
- Anti = antibody and gen =genesis=to begin/to start.
- The only way to get an antibody being formed is you had to first get antigen. We know that it is an antigen because the T lymphocytes are coded by the thymus to recognize antigens as foreign protein versus your own proteins.
- The T lymphocytes send a chemical message/a hormone to the B lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes produce an antibody.
-
Common antigens
bacterial, viruses, fungi
-
Dog has hip dysplasia what position would you have the dog in for an x-ray?
What type of x-ray?
Dorsal recumbency; VD x-ray (Ventral/dorsal x-ray)
-
3 most dangerous surgeries
- 1. Open heart surgery,
- 2. Brain surgery and
- 3. Salpingovariohysterectomy
-
-
Carpal joint is _______ to the elbow
distal
-
Carpal is ________ and the digits are ____________.
proximal; distal
-
Thumb is _________, pinkie is _______
medial; lateral
-
-
Ventral recumbency or sternal recumbency
-
-
Neoplasia
- associated with cancer. Results in cancer – normal cells that grow in the wrong place because the go through continuous mitosis. They lack inhibition to stop mitosis. Start with 1 cell end up with 2 new cells because the original cell is used up.
- Benign = over growth of tissue/mitosis stops.
- Malignant- spreads
-
Atrophy
- A=without troph= growth and development y=process of
- But it usually means a decrease in growth and development. Major cause of atrophy is lack of use
-
When do bones ossify in a dog?
- Around 45 days, before that time they are still cartilage. Bones
- are made of calcium phosphate that is laid down over cartilage
-
Why would you do an xray on a pregnant dog?
- (1) Good to know the number of puppies If only 5 are born and she is supposed to have 6. The stimulus for birth is live baby/puppy – can’t give birth to a dead puppy. The time from the next to last and last puppies may be 2 hours;
- (2) to look at the size of the puppies and the size of the birth canal
-
Which is a more serious injury – injury to tendon or ligament?
Ligament. Typically tendons heal on their own because it has more blood supply. Ligaments have very little blood supply therefore it is nearly impossible to get the ligament to heal without surgery.
-
6 types of leukocytes
- 1. Band neutrophils;
- 2. Segmented neutrophils;
- 3. Lymphocytes;
- 4. Monocytes;
- 5. Eosinophils;
- 6. Basophils
-
What is the treatment for a sprain/inflammation?
Rest – If you are using that body part you get more blood flow to the area because action needs energy need oxygen from RBC and food from the plasma to form ATP
Ice – helps to reduce the heat and the amount of blood flow to the area which helps with the swelling
Compression – helps to prevent swelling
Elevate – reduces blood flow.
-
Paired sample.
Anytime you have a positive blood test, you should always run the test again in 2 weeks with a new blood sample. In the meantime you treat the animal as it was positive. The results have to be better that 98% to be accepted
-
-
-
-
Pharynx
empty space between the mouth and esophagus and between the nasal passages and trachea. It is used for both the respiratory system and the digestive track.
-
Epiglottis
trap door above the trachea
-
Trachea
Leads from the pharynx to the lungs. AKA wind pipe.
-
2 branches that bifucate off the trachea
The right bronchus and the left bronchus. Together they are called the bronchi.
-
The smallest branch of the right bronchi is called
bronchioles
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
esophagus
tube that connects the mouth and pharynx to the stomach
-
Entero
- small intestine. Job = absorb food and water/digestion takes place in the small intestine.
- Parvo virus (enteritis) attacks & damages the small intestine Main symptom of parvo virus is perfuse diarrhea because water is not being absorbed.
-
Colon
Large intestine. Job=holding facility
-
What are the 4 jobs that the liver performs?
1. Detoxifies poisons, Can't detoxify posions from the head and neck (alcohol, diet coke, sweets)
2. Produces B-complex vitamins needed to make antibodies and RBCs. Liver takes the food (bright colored vegetables) we eat and makes B-complex vitamins.
3. Produces Vitamin K that helps clot the blood when you have a tear or cut.
4. Stores glycogen (polysaccharide – complex sugar stored by the body) 1st we use quick energy provided by simple sugars like glucose then we use complex polysaccharide that has been stored in the liver.
-
Name 3 diseases that can damage the liver?
Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, and Infectious Canine Hepatitis
-
What procedure is done on a daily basis in a veterinary hospital that is very damaging to the liver?
General anesthesia is very toxic to the liver.
-
After surgery what is one thing to advise the owner to do?
Feed 5 -6 times per day because they can’t store the glycogen
-
Who eats every 2-3 hours?
Babies (immature liver) & birds (no liver).
-
What are 4 items that are not toxic?
Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
-
Pancreas
- Located close to the stomach.
- Job is to produce insulin and digestive enzymes. Most of the pancreas is devoted to producing digestive enzymes.
-
Name the 3 enzymes and what they digest
1. Amylase digests Amylose (complex polysaccharide (starch) found in crackers.)
2. Lipase digests Lipids/Fats
3. Proteinase, Trypticase, Trypsin digests Proteins
-
Infection is caused by a ________. Common types are ______, ______, ________.
Pathogen; Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi
-
Troph
To feed, to nourish, growth, development
-
-
-
-
-
-
Graphy
Instrument that records
-
-
-
Rrhage
To burst out, outward flow
-
-
-
-
-
-
Periton
Tissue/membrane that lines the abdomen
-
Mesentery
Connective tissue in abdomen
-
-
-
Nephr
Nephron - functional unit of kidney
-
-
-
ureter
Carries water, urea and other toxins from kidney to urinary bladder.
-
urethra
tube that goes from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
-
urinary bladder
stores water, urea and other toxins
-
-
|
|