Medical Teminology

Flexion

Planter

Lateral

Cranial

Extension

Cephalic

Palmer

Caudal

within or inner

head

bad or abnormal softening

bone

enlargement

process of/procedure

liver

mental or ego

esophagus

around

pylorus

narrowing

condition of

small intestine

disease and/or abnormal condition

arteries

porridge-like (cholesterol)

Correct name for heart attack

Nickname used for heart attack due to cholesterol buildup in arteries.

muscle

kidney

blue

ovaries

oviduct

uterus

tumor

growth, lump or nodule

iron, hemoglobin, blood

bone marrow or spinal cord

towards the front - Only used in reference to limbs

towards the rear - only used in reference to limbs

above

below

To maintain negative air pressure

growth, development, nourishment

increase growth or development

decrease growth or development

reduction in red blood cells due to damage of the bone marrow.

time from conception until birth

connective tissue

connects muscle to bones - has more blood supply

connect bone to bone - very little blood supply

• (1) redness; (2) heat; (3) swelling; (4) pain.
• Redness and heat are from increased blood flow that results in swelling which leads to pain.

• (1) Increased blood flow we get more oxygen (present in the RBC) and more nutrients in the plasma that we need; and
• (2) (Most important) an increased level of WBC/leukocytes because phagocytic cells that undergo phagocytosis. 

the segmented neutrophils and the monocytes (in tissue called macrophage). 

Basophil

Eosinophil

Monocyte

Lymphocytes

Segmented neutrophil

Band neutrophil

stores red blood cells and removes damaged red blood cells from circulation

(1)  Lymph nodes - specific structure made up of lymph tissue

(2)  Lymph vessels – small vessels that carry material from one lymph node to another. Act like a drainage systems.

(3)  Lymphatic tissue – scattered throughout the body not as organized. Lymphatic tissue called Pyres patches located in the intestines, also lymphatic tissue in the ovaries, uterus. Antibodies are formed in the lymphatic tissue. Tonsils are lymphatic tissuesthat help form antibodies.

Lymphatic tissue and immune system are intertwined/related.

1. Small – round have a dark purple nucleus, clear cytoplasm. Found in Dogs, cats and humans

2. Large – oval. Found in horses and cows

• 1. B lymphocytes
• 2. T lymphocytes (t-cells – keep track of for HIV)
• Typical stain in veterinary medicine only distinguishes between small and large lymphocytes

• Antigens are foreign proteins .
• Anti = antibody and gen =genesis=to begin/to start.
• The only way to get an antibody being formed is you had to first get antigen. We know that it is an antigen because the T lymphocytes are coded by the thymus to recognize antigens as foreign protein versus your own proteins.
• The T lymphocytes send a chemical message/a hormone to the B lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes produce an antibody.

bacterial, viruses, fungi

Dorsal recumbency; VD x-ray (Ventral/dorsal x-ray) 

• 1. Open heart surgery,
• 2. Brain surgery and
• 3. Salpingovariohysterectomy

45 degree angle

distal

proximal; distal

medial; lateral

Dorsal recumbency

Ventral recumbency or sternal recumbency

Right lateral recumbency

• associated with cancer. Results in cancer – normal cells that grow in the wrong place because the go through continuous mitosis. They lack inhibition to stop mitosis. Start with 1 cell end up with 2 new cells because the original cell is used up.
• Benign = over growth of tissue/mitosis stops.
• Malignant- spreads

• A=without     troph= growth and development y=process of
• But it usually means a decrease in growth and development. Major cause of atrophy is lack of use

• Around 45 days, before that time they are still cartilage. Bones
• are made of calcium phosphate that is laid down over cartilage

• (1) Good to know the number of puppies If only 5 are born and she is supposed to have 6. The stimulus for birth is live baby/puppy – can’t give birth to a dead puppy. The time from the next to last and last puppies may be 2 hours;
• (2) to look at the size of the puppies and the size of the birth canal

Ligament. Typically tendons heal on their own because it has more blood supply. Ligaments have very little blood supply therefore it is nearly impossible to get the ligament to heal without surgery. 

• 1. Band neutrophils;
• 2. Segmented neutrophils;
• 3. Lymphocytes;
• 4. Monocytes;
• 5. Eosinophils;
• 6. Basophils

Rest – If you are using that body part you get more blood flow to the area because action needs energy need oxygen from RBC and food from the plasma to form ATP

Ice – helps to reduce the heat and the amount of blood flow to the area which helps with the swelling

Compression – helps to prevent swelling

Elevate – reduces blood flow.

Anytime you have a positive blood test, you should always run the test again in 2 weeks with a new blood sample. In the meantime you treat the animal as it was positive. The results have to be better that 98% to be accepted

cartilage

nasal

flow or discharge

empty space between the mouth and esophagus and between the nasal passages and trachea. It is used for both the respiratory system and the digestive track.

trap door above the trachea

Leads from the pharynx to the lungs. AKA wind pipe.

The right bronchus and the left bronchus. Together they are called the bronchi. 

bronchioles

larynx

air, lungs

mouth

mouth

gums

little or tiny

tube that connects the mouth and pharynx to the stomach

• small intestine. Job = absorb food and water/digestion takes place in the small intestine.
• Parvo virus (enteritis) attacks & damages the small intestine Main symptom of parvo virus is perfuse diarrhea because water is not being absorbed.

Large intestine. Job=holding facility

1. Detoxifies poisons, Can't detoxify posions from the head and neck (alcohol, diet coke, sweets)

2. Produces B-complex vitamins needed to make antibodies and RBCs. Liver takes the food (bright colored vegetables) we eat and makes B-complex vitamins.

3. Produces Vitamin K that helps clot the blood when you have a tear or cut.

4. Stores glycogen (polysaccharide – complex sugar stored by the body) 1st we use quick energy provided by simple sugars like glucose then we use complex polysaccharide that has been stored in the liver.

Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, and Infectious Canine Hepatitis

 General anesthesia is very toxic to the liver. 

Feed 5 -6 times per day because they can’t store the glycogen

Babies (immature liver) & birds (no liver). 

Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids

• Located close to the stomach.
• Job is to produce insulin and digestive enzymes. Most of the pancreas is devoted to producing digestive enzymes.

1. Amylase digests Amylose (complex polysaccharide (starch) found in crackers.)

2. Lipase digests Lipids/Fats

3. Proteinase, Trypticase, Trypsin digests Proteins

Pathogen; Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi

To feed, to nourish, growth, development

To change, to modify

Clear

Veins

Urinary bladder

From a distance

Instrument that records

Chemical substance

Treatment

To burst out, outward flow

Surgical repair

Tear or rupture

Abdominal organs

To remove

Eye

Tissue/membrane that lines the abdomen

Connective tissue in abdomen

With

Tissue

Nephron - functional unit of kidney

To remove

amine

Carries water, urea and other toxins from kidney to urinary bladder.

tube that goes from the urinary bladder to outside the body.

stores water, urea and other toxins

present in DNA

with birth