Nutr 120 Protein

• -about 15%
• -muscles, organs, and tissue are comprised of significant amounts of protein

Animal products provide an excellent source of B vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc, and calcium

it denatures proteins to make them more accessible to enzyme attack and activates the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin

tripeptides, dipeptides, and single amino acids

• -pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides and amino acids in the stomach.
• -trypsin and chymotrypsin break polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids in the small intestine

• -Amino acids with similar structures share the same transport system
• -if too much of one amino is ingested, other amino's that share the same transport system may not be absorbed causing deficiencies

An immediate and severe allergic reaction to a substance (e.g., food or drugs). Symptoms include breathing difficulty, loss of consciousness, and a drop in blood pressure and can be fatal.

They occur when protein from the diet is absorbed without being completely digested. The first time it happens the immune system is stimulated . The second time the immune system sees it as a foreign substance and attacks.

• gastrointestinal disease-  damaged intestines allow the absorption of incompletely digested proteins
• immature gastrointestinal tracts(in infants)- more likely to allow larger polypeptides to be absorbed

All of the amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are available for use by the body.

When the diet contains protein in excess of needs and when the diet is low in energy.

synthesis of body proteins and other nitrogen-containing compounds

The continuous nature of synthesis and degradation of body proteins.

The process of copying the information in DNA to a molecule of mRNA, occurs in the nucleus.

The process of translating the mRNA code into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain.

The removal of the amino group from an amino acid.

The essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration in relation to the body's needs(lowest Amino Acid Score)

• -Can be broken down to form 3-carbon compounds and used by the liver to synthesize glucose  via gluconeogenesis
• -converted into acetyl-CoA or compounds that directly enter the citric-acid cycle to synthesize ATP

• 1-it is converted to urea in the liver and sent out into the bloodstream
• 2- the urea is filtered out of the bloodstream by the kidneys and eliminated from the body in urine

30%

• 1-Structural Proteins
• 2-Enzyme Proteins
• 3-Transport Proteins
• 4-Proteins that Provide Protection(antibodies)
• 5-Contractile Proteins(muscles)
• 6-Protein Hormones
• 7-Proteins that Regulate Fluid Balance(movement in and out of cells)
• 8-Proteins that Regulate Acid-Base Balance(buffers)

A form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient.(bloated belly)

A form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting.(extreme weight loss)

• kineys - more water is needed to excrete amplified amounts of urea (no negative effect on healthy kidney although a diet high in protein and low in fluid may promote kidney stones)
• Bones- essentially none because as more calcium is excreted in urine more is absorbed intestinally

An inherited disease in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. If the disease is untreated, toxic by-products called phenylketones accumulate in the blood and interfere with brain development.

A disorder that causes Autoimmune damage to the intestines when the protein gluten is eaten

A food intolerance is not an immune response to the ingested protein. The negative effects stem from how a certain protein acts in the body when ingested.(can include autoimmune responses such as celiac disease)

The amount of nitrogen(protein) consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted by the body over a given period

by totalling the amounts of nitrogen excreted in urine and feces and that is lost from skin, sweat, hair, and nails

0.8 g/kg of body weight per day

Extreme stresses on the body such as infections, fevers, burns, or surgery

Protein that provides essential amino acids in the proportions needed to support protein synthesis such as that found in animals

Protein that is deficient in one or more essential amino acids relative to body needs such as those found in plants.

A measure of how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins.

A measure of protein quality determined by comparing the essential amino acid content of the protein in a food with that in a reference protein. The lowest amino acid ratio calculated is the chemical score

• Vegan - Grain with legumes, seeds and nuts
• Lacto vegetarian - + milk
• Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian - +eggs
• Pesco Vegetarian - +fish