Chapter 15

evaluating shape and texture of objects being touched. understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions

forms posterior region of each hemisphere

hearing and smell. storage of hearing and smell. understanding speech

precentral gyrus

(higher intellectual functions)voluntary motor

ends posteriorly at a deep groove called central sulcus

lateral sulcus

lies deep to frontal bone. forms anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere

postcentral gyrus

lies internal to parietal bone. forms superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere. terminates anteriorly at central sulcus. posteriorly at a relatively indistinct parieto-occipital sulcus and laterally at a lateral sulcus

frontal

5 anatomically and functionally distinct lobes

connects the hemispheres. provides main communications link btwn cerebral hemispheres

left and right cerebral hemispheres

deep longitudinal fissure that extends along the midsagittal plane.

read

the telencephalon

large number of neurons which are needed for the complex analytical and integrative functions performed by the cerebral hemispheres

"gatekeepers" permit materials to pass to the neurons after leaving the capillaries

only lipidsouble compounds

3 locations in CNS: choroid plexus

the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions

falx cerebri

largest of the 4 dural septa. sickle shaped vertical fold of dura mater (located in midsagittal plane) projects into longitudinal fissure btwn left and right cerebral hemispheres

superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus

both the capillary endothelial cells and the astrocyte perivascular feet

reduce capillary permeability and prevent materials from diffusing across the cappilary wall

lies inferior to lateral sulcus and underlies temporal bone.

(1 of cranial dural septa) horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that seprates occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum

or opening called tentorial notch (or tentorial incisure) to allow for the passage of the brainstem

strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain. keeps neurons in brain from being exposed to drugs

blood brain barrier (bbb)

the choroid plexus in each ventricle.

a layer of ependymal cells and the capillaries that lie w/in the pia mater.

secretion of fluid from the ependymal cells that originates from the blood plasma

CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to brain and removes waste products from brain. protects nervous tissue from chemical fluctuations that would disrupt neuron function.

CSF provides liquid cushion to protect delicate neural structures from sudden movements. helps slow movements of brain if skull move suddenly and forcefully

buoyancy

brain floats in CSF

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

clear

2 lateral ventricles (in cerebrum

passes through the mesencephalon and connects the 3rd ventricle w/the tetrahedron shaped 4th ventricle.

btwn the pons and the cerebellum.

the slender central canal in the spinal cord

cavities or expansions w/in the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube. are continous w/one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord

infundibulum

smallest of dural septa

potenetial epidural space

arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones of cranium

(1 of cranial dural septa)sickle shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

do not have valves to regulate venous blood flow. large veins drain blood from brain and transport blood to internal jugular veins that help drain blood circulation to the head

w/in the cranium 2 fibrous layers: meningeal layer and periosteal layer (forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones)

external tough

potential space called subdural space. becomes actual space if blood or fluid accumulates there

extend through the subarachnoid space from the arachnoid to the underlying pia mater.

delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers arachnoid trabeculae.

arachnoid membrane

what is the cranial meninges?

innermost of the cranial menings. a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue

some of the veins that drain blood from the brain

3 connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium

bony cranium

the brain contains discrete internal clusters of gray matter called cerebral nuclei (oval

cerebral cortex

an outer superficial region of gray matter forms from migrating peripheral neurons

processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories

from the myelin in myelinated axons

houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies

gray matter and white matter

in the late fetal period

its surfaces becomes folded

the telencephalon grows rapidly and envelops the diencephalon

arises from the rhombencephalon and forms the medulla oblongata

arises from the rhombencephalon and forms the pons and cerebellum

the only primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle

arises from the prosencephalon and forms the thalamus

arises from the prosencephalon and forms the cerebrum

telencephalon

what do the 3 primary vesicles develop into?

rhombencephalon

mesencephalon

Prosencephalon

all the different regions of the adult brain.

where does the brain form from?

the growth has formed 3 primary brain vesicles

caudal (toward the tail)

rostral (toward the nose)

12 pairs of cranial nerves

folds called gyri and shallow depressions btwn those folds called sulci

may be further divided into 5 functional areas called lobes

into left and right halves: cerebral hemispheres

the cerebrum

small lobe deep to lateral sulcus. lack of accessibility prevents aggressive studies of its function but involved w/memory and interpretation of taste

motor areas

somatic motor area

control voluntary skeletal muscle activity. axons of these neurons project contralaterally (opposite side) to the brainstem and spinal cord

left primary motor cortex controls the right side voluntary muscles

innervation of the primary motor cortex to various bodyparts can be diagrammed as a motor homunculus on the precentral gyrus

Broca area

controlling muscular movements neccessary for vocalization

on superior surface of the middle frontal gyrus

control and regulate eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision

w/in the postcentral gyrus of the pariteal lobes.

receive general somatic sensory information from touch

may be traced on the postcentral gyrus surface

located on occiptal lobe

located in temporal lobe

in insula

located in temporal lobe

integrate new sensory inputs w/memories of past experiences.

somatic motor association area

located in parietal lobe and lies posterior to primary somatosensory cortex. interprets sensory information. responsible for integratng and interpreting sensations to determine texture

located w/in temporal lobe

located in occipital lobe

Wernicke area and gnostic area

(functional brain region) located only w/in left hemisphere

common integrative area

other association areas. process incoming information from several different associtation areas

lies deep to gray matter of cerebral cortex. composed of myelinated axons.

association tracts

connect different regions of the cerebral cortex w/in the same hemisphere.

extend btwn the cerebral hemispheres through axonal bridges called commissures.

link the cerebral cortex to the posterior brain regions and the spinal cord.

basal nuclei

caudate nucleus

when person walks

participates in the expression of emotions

controlling muscular movement at the subconscious level

both excites and inhibits the activites of the thalamus to contro and adjust muscle tone

thin